To use the value-at-risk (VAR) model to compute market risk, an analyst must know all of the following except: O a. Expected return. O b. Z-score. Oc. Standard deviation. d. Opportunity cost.
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- The statement "risk requires compensation" implies that people: Answer a. Do not take risk b. Only accept risk when they absolutely have to c. Will only accept risk when they are rewarded for doing so d. Avoid risk at all costExplain:1. Risk analysis allows assessment of future uncertain impacts, and incorporates uncertainty into the assessment. 2. Risk analysis provides a method for comparing low-probability, high consequence impacts with high-probability, low-consequence impacts.Beta and volatility differ as risk measures in that beta measures only non‑systematic risk, while volatility measures total risk. True False
- Safety and risk are subjective concepts which depend on the followingfactors, except a. voluntary vs. involuntary risk b. occasional vs. frequent accidentsc. delayed vs. immediate risk d. expected probability What is the answer ?The value of a successful project is $420,000; the probabilities of success are 1/2 with good supervision and 1/4 without. The manager is risk neutral, not risk averse as in the text, so his expected utility equals his expected income minus his disutility of effort. He can get other jobs paying $90,000, and his disutility for exerting the extra effort for good supervision on your project is $100,000. (a) Show that inducing high effort would require the firm to offer a compensation scheme with a negative base salary; that is, if the project fails, the manager pays the firm an amount stipulated in the scheme. (b) How might a negative base salary be implemented in reality? (c) Show that if a negative base salary is not feasible, then the firm does better to settle for the low-pay, low-effort situation.A risk-averse manager is considering two projects. The first project involves expanding the market for bologna; the second involves expanding the market for caviar. There is a 10 percent chance of a recession and a 90 percent chance of an economic boom. During a boom, the bologna project will lose $10,000, whereas the caviar project will earn $20,000. During a recession, the bologna project will earn $12,000 and the caviar project will lose $8,000. If the alternative is earning $3,000 on a safe asset (say, a Treasury bill), what should the manager do? Why?
- The following payoff table provides profits based on various posible decision alternativesand various levels of demand at Kmart Print Shop. Alternatives Low High Alternative 1 10,000 30,000 Alternative 2 5,000 40,000 Alternative 3 -2,000 50,000 The probability of low demand is 0.4, whereas the probability of high demand is 0.6.What is the highest possible expected monetary value?Suppose in a given state's new insurance marketplace, with community rating and no restrictions on who can buy at the community rate, the risk pool (distribution of expected health costs) is as follows: 30% of eligible enrollees' expected health costs = $1,000 (per year)65% of eligible enrollees' expected health costs = $2,0005% of eligible enrollees' expected health costs = $10,000 Now suppose one insurer, and one insurer only, were allowed to offer any premium it wanted to any potential buyer and to exclude those it did not want to cover? What premium would they likely charge and who would they sell to and who would they exclude? What would happen to the other insurers? Does this help you see why the ACA was written to apply to all insurers?A risk-averse investor will: Answer a. Always accept a greater risk with a greater expected return b. Only invest in assets providing certain returns c. Sometimes accept a lower expected return if it means less ri d. Never accept lower risk if it means accepting a lower expected return
- Exercise 3: Risky Investment Charlie has von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function u(x) = ln x and has wealth W = 250, 000. She is offered the opportunity to purchase a risky project for price P = 160, 000. 1 1 With probability p = 2 the project will be a success and return V > 160, 000. With probability 1 −p = 2 the project will fail and be worthless (i.e. it returns 0). For simplicity assume there is no interest between the time of the investment and the time of its return, that is r = 0 . How large must V be in order for Charlie to want to purchase the risky project? [Hint: What is Charlie’s expected utility is she does not purchase the project? What is Charlie’s expected utility is she purchases the project?]A risk-averse manager is considering a project that will cost £100. There is a 10 percent chance the project will generate revenues of £100, an 80 percent chance it will yield revenues of £50, and a 10 percent chance it will yield revenues of £500. Should the manager adopt the project? Explain. What will a risk-neutral and risk-loving manager do in the same situation?Explain the relationship between U" >0 and risk aversion.