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- Another model, the random model, proposes that any cell in a malignant tumor has the potential to form a new tumor. Does the cancer stem cell hypothesis contradict this idea?Explain the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene.Benign tumors: a. are noncancerous growths that do not spread to other tissues b. do not contain mutations c. are malignant and clonal in origin d. metastasize to other tissues e. none of these
- What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene?Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of tumor-suppressor gene? a) they are frequently overexpressed in cancerous cells. b) they are cancer-causing genes introduced into cells by viruses. c) they encode proteins that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth. d) they often encode proteins that stimulate the cell cycle.Which of the following is true of tumor suppressor genes? Group of answer choices a) If this gene is overactive, it becomes an oncogene b) If one of the alleles is mutated, there is usually little effect. Two inactivating mutations are usually required for loss of function (recessive mutation). c) If one copy is lost, the gene no longer functions (dominant mutation) d) Tumor suppressors genes usually cause mitosis or cell growth e) Tumor suppressor genes decrease apoptosis
- Tumor Suppressor Genes are often called as gatekeepers because: a. They signify their involvement in governing the dynamics of cell proliferation b. They allow tumors to proliferate at an uncontrolled rate c. To allow a transport channel of suppressors d. They are not referred to as ?gatekeepers?Normal (nonmutant) tumor-suppressor genes often functiona. as negative regulators of cell division.b. in the maintenance of genome integrity.c. in the stimulation of cell division.d. as both a and b.Which of the following is NOT an example of fail-safe mechanisms that prevent the irregular cell divisions characteristic of cancer? a.Shortening of telomeres b.Cell division limit c.Mutation in a tumor suppressor gene d.Triggered cell death
- Most forms of cancer involvea. the activation of a single oncogene.b. the inactivation of a single tumor-suppressor gene.c. the activation of multiple oncogenes.d. the activation of multiple oncogenes and the inactivation ofmultiple tumor-suppressor genes.Which of the following steps are correct about multistep tumorigenesis (select all that apply)? A. Mutations in progenitor cells are more likely to develop a neoplastic state compared to mutations in stem cells B. Driver mutations give a cell clone a proliferative advanage C. The rate of mutation /genetic change is constant during tumor progression D. Nutrition/diet may effect rate of tumorigenesis E. All cells within a tumor are biologically equivalent and equally capable of high levels proliferationDefine the following terms: tumor, neoplasia, anaplasia, metastasis, proto-oncogene, oncogene, and tumor suppressor gene.