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- If antibody responses are not elicited by a Covid-19 vaccine, are there other types of immune response that could provide protection from the SARS-Co-V2 virus following vaccination? Explain why or why not.You then conduct a second experiment. Wild-type and C3 deficient mice are each inoculated with a replication-defective form of HSV (called HSV-rd). This virus infects cells but is not able to replicate and spread in the body. For this experiment, mice are infected with varying doses of the HSV-rd virus, and peak IgG responses to the viral surface glycoproteins are measured. The results are shown in Figure 2.Because of similarities between hypoxia associated with high altitude and COVID-19, some studies have suggested that people living at high altitude may be accustom to low blood oxygen levels and therefore less adversely effected by coronavirus infection. Based on your knowledge of acclimation/adaptations to high-altitude, DISCUSS whether you think high altitude hypoxia might protected against coronavirus infection. Justify your answer. Your words may not be more than 100 words.
- For many years it was a complete mystery howcytotoxic T cells could see a viral protein that seemed to bepresent only in the nucleus of the virus-infected cell. Theanswer was revealed in a classic paper that took advan-tage of a clone of T cells whose T cell receptor was directedagainst an antigen assoicated with the nuclear protein ofthe 1968 strain of influenza virus. The authors of the paperfound that when they incubated high concentrations ofcertain peptides derived from the viral nuclear protein, thecells became sensitive to lysis by subsequent incubationwith the cytotoxic T cells. Using various peptides from the1968 strain and the 1934 strain (with which the cytotoxic Tcells did not react), the authors defined the particular pep-tide responsible for the T cell response (Figure Q24–1).A. Which part of the viral protein gives rise to thepeptide that is recognized by the clone of cytotoxic T cells? Why do not all viral peptides sensitize the target cells forlysis by the cytotoxic T…Imagine you have developed a drug that you believe will act to prevent internalization of CD36. How would you approach proving this (include experimental approach)?We now have at least three SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines approved by the FDA for use in the United States. These vaccines cause cells in the body to make the spike protein that is on the surface of the virus, and subsequently, stimulate an antibody response to this antigen. A. What do these antibodies do to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2? How do they interact with the virus particles? B. Which kind of cells in the immune system are responsible for synthesizing these antibodies?
- Is COVID-19 virus will destroy/damage ALL the blood vessels and layers of the walls of the heart? if not all why?Properdin A. Splits Factor D into Da and Db B. Splits Factor B into Ba and Bb C. Splits Factor H to inactivate the C3 convertase D. Binds Bb to C3bBb to form the C3 convertaseAntibodies are effective against bacteria as well as viruses, but some bacteria produce an enzyme that cuts immunoglobulin G molecules right at the “bend” to separate each antigen-binding “arm” from the “stem.” (a) What type of bond is broken by the bacterial enzyme and what type of reaction does this enzyme catalyze? (b) Would the action of the bacterial enzyme affect the ability of immunoglobulins to cross-link bacterial cells?.
- Historically , vaccinations have prevented the spread of certain diseases chicken pox or meningitis. What type of externality takes place with th consumption of such vaccines. Explain with words and a graph.Currently, the news regarding ‘pig heart transplantation to humans’ has become a controversial issue in worldwide. This issue also is an advancement in cell/ tissue culture context. Based on this,please give me a conclusion paragraph from this ‘pig heart transplantation to humans’.In order to vaccinate people against diseases by having them eat antigens (such as the cholera toxin) or antibodies expressed in an edible vaccine, the antigen must reach the cells of the small intestine in order to enter the bloodstream. What are some potential problems of this method?