we usually write numbers in decimal form (base 10), meaning numbers are compose using 10 diffrent digits' {0,1,......9} sometimes though it is useful to write numbers hexadecimal or base 16. now there are 16 distinct digits that can be used to form numbers: {0,1,....,9,a,b,c,d,e,f}. so for example, a 3 digit hexadecimal number might be 2b8   how many six digit hexadecimalare there in witch the first digit is E or F how many 5 digits hexedecimal start with a letter (a-f) and ends with a numeral (0-9)

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Counting Principles

In statistics, the counting principle can be said to be the concept in which the quantity of an item is determined. There can be a single item, or a group of items, or items that are related to each other. In every possible set of items, the quantity of the possible item groups or their sorting measures can be determined with counting principles.