What are the cellular defense strategies against oxidative damage by ROS?

Q: What is the source of Interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor-a, and interleukin 6?

A: Interleukin-1, Tumor Necrosis Factor-a, and Interleukin-6 are all types of cytokines that are…

Q: Which functional groups of the amino acid residues are capable of ionization?

A: The functional groups that act as a proton acceptor or proton donor influencers the capacity for a…

Q: Why does the skin turn yellow when it inadvertently comes in contact with HNO3? What Happens When a…

A: Nitric acid (HNO3) is a colourless acid but upon reaction with a protein gives yellow colour due to…

Q: Why can beta-lactamase destroy penicillin, but not methicillin?

A:

Q: What does tryptophan do for the body?

A: Essential amino acids are amino acids, which cannot be synthesized by the body and are acquired…

Q: What is sporopollenin?

A: Pollen grains consist of a hard covering that is made up of sporopollenin. It protects the pollen…

Q: What are acidic activation domains?

A: Domains are the structures of the proteins that cannot be considered as secondary structures but…

Q: How many beta globin genes are there?

A: Hemoglobin is formed of four "protein subunits" namely two beta-globin subunits and two alpha-globin…

Q: What determines the specificity of SH2 interactions with other molecules?

A: Introduction: to keep the macromolecule or polymers of biological molecules such as proteins intact,…

Q: How does the action of penicillin differ from that of lysozyme?

A: Penicillin is a secondary metabolite produced by certain bacteria which is used as an antibiotic. A…

Q: What is the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors?

A: Competitive inhibitionIn competitive inhibition, an inhibitor molecule competes with a substrate by…

Q: What is the major function of Chemokines?

A: Chemokines activated Lymphocytes to site with tissue damage. They also transmit signals through…

Q: Apart from iron, which other cation has a clinically significant binding with transferrin?

A: A positively charged ion is called the cation. While the negatively charged are termed as the…

Q: How are the alarmones ppGpp and pppGpp synthesized?

A: Alarmones are the intracellular molecules produced by the prokaryotes like bacteria and Archaea…

Q: What are reactive oxygen species?

A: Oxygen is an important component of aerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration, glucose molecules…

Q: Why does the immune system recognize particular sugars on red blood cells?

A: Immunology is a part of science that covers the investigation of immune frameworks taking all things…

Q: Are there any amino acids involved in the synthesis of protoporphyrin IX?

A: Protoporphyrin IX is considered as the organic molecule, which is present in the heme group. This is…

Q: What is the function of rusticyanin and where is it found in the cell?

A: Rusticynin is a blue copper protein  with a copper center which play a important role in electron…

Q: How does penicillin treat bacterial infections?

A: Antibiotics are substances which are able to inhibit or destroy growth of microorganisms. These…

Q: What is bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) ?

A: Bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU): It is a synthetic nucleoside analog of thymidine that is incorporated into…

Q: Is fadh2 oxidized or reduced?

A: FADH2 is a coenzyme which is used in cellular respiration process to make fuel from food into…

Q: Why is the use of first-generation H1-antihistamines discouraged in clinical practice today?

A: H1 antihistamines are the anti allergens prescribed in the treatment of allergic symptoms such as…

Q: In the CAMP reaction, which organism produces the CAMP factor? What substance does the CAMP factor…

A: The initial identification of the streptococcal and enterococcal species is based on their hemolytic…

Q: How can a person suffering from Adenosine Deaminase deficiency be cured?

A: Introduction In this question we will discuss about how a person suffering from Adenosine Deaminase…

Q: What is the major function of Interleukin 2?

A: Interleukin 2 is a cytokine, a cell-to-cell signaling molecule in the immune system. It is part of…

Q: What are the main biocheanical role of vitomine B6. of

A: Vitamin B6 is also known as pyridoxine and its active form is paradoxical phosphate.

Q: What are hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs)?

A: Haemtopoeisis Production of all types of blood cells including formation, development and…

Q: Why fibrinopepetide A and fibrinopepetide B are negatively charged ?

A: Proteins are made up of amino acids joined together through peptide bonds. 20 standard amino acids…

Q: Which are the Major Hematopoietic Growth Factors (HGFs)?

A: Blood is a body fluid in people and different creatures that conveys vital substances, for example,…

Q: What are Eicosanoids ?

A: Eicosanoids- Eicosanoids are signalling molecules made by the enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation…

Q: What do you mean by chemotropism?

A: A stimulus is a detectable variation in the physical or chemical arrangement of the internal or…

Q: 71: What is Von Gierke's disease? explain briefly.

A: Glycogen storage disease occur due to defective metabolism of glycogen that leads to accumulation of…

Q: What is TCA?  What are the different enzymes involved in TCA?  What are the important products in…

A: Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic reactions and activities that occur in organisms'…

Q: What is the name of themolecule that transportsoxygen in red blood cells?

A: The red blood cells (RBC) are enucleated cells that transport oxygen molecules from the lungs to…

Q: What are the long term effect of cyanide poisoning?

A: Cyanide poisoning is caused by exposure to different forms of cyanide.  The early symptoms include…

Q: What is Chemokines?

A: Cytokines are little proteins that regulate the growth and activity of immune system and blood…

Q: How does the difference between the-chain and the -chain of hemoglobin explain the differences…

A: Hemoglobin is an oligomeric, allosteric, conjugated protein with four polypeptide chains joined by…

Q: How many aromatic amino acids are present in vancomycin? And what are they?

A: Proteins are the most common macromolecule found in living organisms. They can be present in all…

Q: Nitrates, such as nitroglycerin, have what mechanism of action? Based on this mechanism of action,…

A: Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator which give relief from the symptoms of angina, high BP.

Q: What product is the cause of TSS?

A: TSS or toxic shock syndrome is a condition in which several body systems of a person are affected or…

Q: What component of the extracellular environment is required for the homophilic interactions mediated…

A: Cadherin is a type of adhesion molecule that exists within cells. Cadherin is found almost…

Q: What structural characteristics of mucopolysaccharides facilitate the removal of pathogens?

A: Mucopolysaccharides, also known as GlycosAminoGlycans (GAGs) are negatively charged polysaccharide…

Q: What is ergot alkaloids ?

A: The series of chemical reactions that occur inside the living body for the production of energy are…

Q: What would be the effect of a mutation that decreased the activity of phosphatidic acid phosphatase?

A: Phosphatidic acid phosphatase is a fat-regulating enzyme that regulates the balance of phosphatidic…

Q: Explain how NH4+ can be toxic to cells. How is this toxicity avoided?

A: Introduction:  The organic nitrogen in plants and animals decomposes to ammonia when they die.…

Q: What is the Mechanism of lysozyme catalysed by enzymes without cofactors?

A: