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- Clonal selection therefore requires a mechanism for producing a great diversity of antibodies. How is this diversity achieved?Some primitive organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive immune system, but they have somecomponents of an innate immune system, including phagocytes andcertain protective proteins. What are some general features of innateimmunity that make it very valuable to organisms lacking more specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses? What are some disadvantages to having only an innate immune system?Many cells in the human body have proteins on the surface that are able to interact with the receptors of helper T cells. Explain the mechanisms and why it is that such an interaction or signal does not usually result in an autoimmune reaction?
- Name two antigen-presenting cells. What is their role in the adaptive immune system? Which classes of MHC proteins do they express and why is this important?At first glance, it would seem a dangerous strategyfor the thymus to actively promote the survival, matura-tion, and emigration of developing T cells that bind weaklyto self peptides bound to self MHC molecules. Would itnot be safer to get rid of these T cells, along with those thatbind strongly to such self-peptide–MHC complexes, as thiswould seem a more secure way to avoid autoimmune reac-tions?Where are major histocompatibility complex-I (MHC-I) molecules located in the human body (cells)? Briefly describe how these surface markers present antigens to other cells. (Make sure to include where the antigen originates and what type of T-cell interacts with MHC-I antigen presentation.)
- How is the newly emerging repertoire of T cells, with their diverse pre-TCRs, further differentiated so that a productive interaction with self-MHC–peptide complexes can occur?What distinguishes MHC I from MHC II? a-aquisition of antigenic peptide in the cytoplasm b-cross-presentation of antigegn to CD4 T cells c- presentation of peptides to the T cell receptor d-binding of a B-amino acid peptide e- presentation of antigenic peptides to CD4 T cellswhat is a humoral immunity in a concept map form with 10 like words or phrases?
- What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or human leukocyte antigens (HLA)?MHC class I molecules present peptide antigens derived from a(n) _______ compartment, whereas MHC class II molecules present peptide antigens derived from a(n) _______ compartment: a. extracellular; intracellular b. intracellular; extracellular c. opsonization; neutralization d. neutralization; opsonization e. none of the above.Describe the six steps in antigen processing and presentation via the class I MHC pathway.