Clonal selection therefore requires a mechanism for producing a great diversity of antibodies. How is this diversity achieved?

Q: Describe the five major classes of antibodies, and explain their structure and functions?

A: Antibodies or immunoglobulins are large, Y-shaped protein molecules used by immune system for…

Q: Cell-mediated immunity is specifically effective against what type of target? Provide examples.

A: Immunology is a section of biology that includes the study of molecules, cells, and organs that…

Q: Why specifically is IgM produced upon the primary immune response while IgG is produced upon the…

A: Antibodies protect against immunogens that invade the cells. Antibodies are of five types. That are…

Q: What is the difference between a primary antibody and a secondary antibody?

A: An immunoglobulin or antibody can be defined as the glycoproteins sythesized by immune system is…

Q: What is innate immunity? Also explain its four types of barriers.

A: The immune system protects the body against pathogens and cancer cells. Immunity can be divided into…

Q: What is the function of the variable regions in an antibody molecule?

A: The immune system of the body protects the individual from the attack of external pathogens. The…

Q: Describe the roles that phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells and plasma proteins such as complement…

A: The innate immune response is the primary defense present in all multicellular organisms. This…

Q: What is the difference between humoral and cellular immunity?

A: Introduction Immunity: it is the property/capability of our system to fight against the harmful…

Q: What class of antibodies is normally found in the mucosa of the respiratory tract? a. IG-A b. IG-D…

A: Antibodies are proteins produced and secreted by B cells. They bind to foreign substances, like…

Q: Which antibody class is the first produced during a primary response?

A: Answer: Introduction: Antibody is also known as immunoglobulin, a protein formed by the immune…

Q: Explain the clonal selection theory of antibody specificity and diversity.

A: Introduction: The antibody is a protein secreted by the body to fight against the invasive pathogen…

Q: What are the protective outcomes of antibodies binding to antigen?

A: In response to antigenic stimulation, antibodies are produced which are immunoglobulins. The…

Q: Describe how antibodies interact with their corresponding antigens.

A: Antibodies are proteins that bind to the body's foreign invaders and signal the immune system to get…

Q: Which of the following complementarity determining regions (CDRS) of antibodies is sequentially and…

A: The immune system of the body governs the body’s ability to fight against the destructive actions of…

Q: Describe the basic structure of an antibody molecule, andexplain the different functions of IgG,…

A: Antibodies are also known as immunoglobulins that are produced from the B-cells or B-lymphocytes.…

Q: Compare and contrast the general characteristics of humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.

A: Introduction :- Active immunity is the immunity induced in entities by the exposure of antigens. It…

Q: Compare and contrast humoral and cellular immunity

A: The immune system captures antigen and evokes a response against them. The response can be humoral…

Q: Give an example for each: natural and artificial active immunityand natural and artificial passive…

A: Immunity is the ability of an organism to fight against disease causing agents. Immunology is the…

Q: There are five major classes of antibodies. Complete the three below.

A: An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system…

Q: One theory for long-lasting immunity assumes that humans arecontinually exposed to the…

A: All the living organisms are prone to infection by disease-causing agents but also have the…

Q: Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity. Include three similarities in terms of cell…

A: Answer.  Three similarities between innate and adaptive immune system are given in the following…

Q: List the chemical characteristics and actions of antibodies.

A: The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from foreign pathogens. Immune system fight…

Q: Describe the structural and functional differencesamong the five major classes of antibodies.…

A: Antibodies: Antibodies are a type of globular proteins that belongs to family immunoglobulin (Ig)…

Q: How do the Fc and variable regions of antibodies differ?

A: The structure of all immunoglobulins consists of four chains: two identical light chains and two…

Q: Explain what is meant by serotype-specific immunity.

A: Immunity is a complex biological phenomenon to different between self and nonself or foreign…

Q: Why would the discovery of TLRs alter the view that innate immunity is non-specific?

A: Immune system fight against disease-causing agents but as the age increases the immune system get…

Q: What biochemical mechanism underlies affinity maturation of the antibody response?

A: Antibodies mediate the adaptive immune response and are produced by plasma cells.

Q: Describe the role of non- specific macrophages and explain the structure of an antibody molecule.

A: The immune system of the body protects the organisms from the harmful pathogen. Pathogens are the…

Q: How do cytokine barriers provide innate immunity in humans ?

A: Cytokine is a term used for any low molecular weight soluble protein or glycoprotein released by one…

Q: Which of the following best describes the type of immunity acquired in the following example?

A: Acquired immunity is present after birth. It is specific immunity. Specificity, diversity, memory…

Q: Describe the genetic basis of antibody diversity.

A: The phenomenon of huge inconstancy normal for antibodies, which empowers the immune system to…

Q: How does a single MHC protein present many differentpeptides to T cells?

A: To identify foreign substance or infectious agents a group of cell surface proteins plays vital role…

Q: List the effects of antibodies binding to antigens

A: Antigen-antibody communication, or antigen-antibody response, is an interaction between chemicals…

Q: What type of cells involved in the adaptive immunity response mature in the bone marrow and produce…

A: The immune system protects the body against infection. Cells involved in immune functions are known…

Q: How does the body produce so many highly diverse antibodies to respond to essentially any possible…

A: Antibodies (Ab) or Immunoglobulins (Ig) are large diversities of ‘Y’ shaped glycoprotein molecules.…

Q: Explain the mechanisms of antibody action and correlate mechanisms with effector functions.

A: Immunology is a branch of science that deals with the aspects of immune reactions, antibody…

Q: Explain why the processes of T-lymphocytes are collectively called the cellmediated branch of…

A: The adaptive immune response refer to an initial infection takes much longer to form than the innate…

Q: What is the role of antigen-presenting cells and TH cells in triggering/activating adaptive…

A: What is the role of antigen-presenting cells and TH cells in triggering/activating adaptive…

Q: n a table, illustrate the differences between natural, artificial, active and passive immunity with…

A: Microorganisms are always surrounding humans, looking for an opportunistic host. These viruses have…

Q: Which portion of the antibody molecule has specificity against an antigen?

A: The immune system is responsible for eliciting a response in order to build a defense mechanism…

Q: How can your body make so many different antibodies (proteins) from just a select set of genes?

A: The immune system of the body is responsible to provide defense against the attack of external…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.