What does the direct transmission method provides?

Q: Where is IgA found in the body?

A: Antibodies are proteins, an essential part of the immune system. Antibodies are produced from the…

Q: What is the difference between an attenuated and inactivated vaccine?

A: Any foreign substance invading the body and having the capability of stimulating the immune response…

Q: How can type IV pili facilitate pathogenesis? What are hami?

A: Pathogenesis is characterized as the origin and development of a disease. In many cases, the tissue…

Q: What other factors may control the outcome of an infectiousdisease?

A: An infectious disease is the one that is caused by pathogenic microbes. These microbes can be…

Q: Can a person with the PKU disease also have AKU?

A: Gene is the unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offsprings. Mutation in a single…

Q: What are the components of the yearly infl uenza vaccine? How is it manufactured? How do you explain…

A: The third part of the question cannot be answered as this question requires me to exercise my…

Q: What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A: A pathogen is bacteria, virus, or other microorganisms that can cause disease

Q: What is a vaccine?

A: Vaccines are a part of artificial active immunity. Antigens or a mixture of antigens which are used…

Q: What is the main way by which someone is infected with the Zika virus?

A: The most common symptoms of Zika virus illness are fever, rash, headache, joint pain, red eyes, and…

Q: How can UTI transmission be reduced or prevented?

A: Urinary Tract Infections - UTI is one of the most common infections encountered almost in every age…

Q: How long does it take for SSPE to appear after the initial infection

A: SSPE/ Dawson's disease: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a chronic progressive neurological…

Q: are venules blood reservoirs ?

A: At any resting point of time, Venous System is said to occupy 70% of the total circulating blood…

Q: What are adenovirus vectors  ?

A: Viruses are the obligate parasites.

Q: What are the causative agents of HIV?

A: HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) causes the diseases AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome).

Q: What are the types of transmissions diseases in a hospital and provide one example of each

A: A disease is an abnormal state of an organism that disrupts biological processes; it is…

Q: Where is the gene for diphtheria toxin production located?

A: Diphtheria toxin is an exotoxin secreted by Cornyebacterium the pathogenic bacteria ,that causes…

Q: What are the components of the yearly influenza vaccine?

A: Influenza vaccines are the vaccines that are produced to provide immunity against infections caused…

Q: Describe the diseases associated with HTLV-I.

A: The virus is an infectious agent and it is replicated inside the living cells. These infect all…

Q: What are the major routes of transmission of HIV?

A: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is responsible for causing AIDS (acquired immune deficiency…

Q: What is an antibiogram?

A: The infection caused by the proliferation of harmful viruses is called a viral infection. The…

Q: Identify the vector and reservoir for West Nile virus.

A: A vector is any agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living…

Q: What are the types of transmissions Disease and provide one example of each

A: Disease Transmission means transfer of disease from one person to another person through various…

Q: How can the Kuru disease be managed and prevented?

A: Here we provide the ways to manage and prevent the kuru disease.

Q: What is meant by “ping-pong” infection, and why must both sex partners be treated for…

A: Pathogenic infections are those that can be transmitted from infected individuals to others. The…

Q: How can the outcome of an SV40 viral infection differ inpermissive versus nonpermissive hosts?

A: Virus is a microorganism that is smaller when compared to a bacterium. They lack the ability to…

Q: Which vector is used on the production of Covishield vaccine?

A: Vaccines are either made by inactivating the virus or by incorporating specific genes into a viral…

Q: What are the signs and symptoms of HIV in pedia/child? List atleast 5 and elaborate each one by…

A: HIV causes AIDS . HIV is human immunodeficiency virus and it causes acquired immunodeficiency…

Q: Who are host?

A: Naturally, we can see that 2 different species of organism can show interaction with one another.…

Q: What causes tobacco mosaic disease?

A: Tobacco and other members of family Solanaceae are susceptible to tobacco mosaic disease. Symptoms…

Q: What is gamma phage?

A: Bacteriophages are the obligate intracellular parasites that can proliferate inside the bacterial…

Q: How does TMV spread from one host cell to another?

A: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) can be defined as the positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus species…

Q: What are someprophylactic measures againstHIV infection?

A: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by…

Q: What are the components of the yearly infl uenza vaccine? How is it manufactured?

A: Components of yearly influenza vaccine and its method of preparation is given below

Q: Trace the HBV multiplication cycle, paying particular attention to localization within the host cell…

A: HBV is a hepatitis B virus.

Q: Are there non viralhepatitides?

A: Hepatitis B is a chronic liver infection which leads to liver cancer, thus considered as fatal. It…

Q: List and describe the four methods by which infection can be transferred from the source to the host

A: Infection is caused in our bodies by various pathogens. The pathogen enters the body and affects the…

Q: What is theepidemiological associationbetween hemophilia and HIVinfection?

A: The epidemiological studies help us to understand the number of people have a disease or disorder by…

Q: Why do cold sores recur throughout the lifetime of an HSV-1 infected individual?

A: HSV-1 infection of the CNS can have lifelong effects such as permanent temporal lobe damage.After…

Q: How is a vaccine created

A: Vaccines contain microscopic pieces of the disease-causing microorganism, as well as the blueprints…

Q: why infectious mononucleosis is called as kissing disease?

A:

Q: explain the phenomenon of mutarotation. how is it detected?

A: Mutarotation is the change in the optical rotation because of the change in the equilibrium between…

Q: briefly define the following: 1. droplet transmission 2. vector-borne transmission 3. nosocomial…

A: Transmission:  Transmission is defined as the transfer of a pathogen that causes communicable…

Q: What is MMR vaccine theory ?

A: The MMR vaccine protects against the measles, mumps, and rubella diseases. The first dose is usually…

Q: What is Covid-19 Vaccine?

A: Viruses are infectious microorganisms. They are obligate intracellular parasites and cannot…

Q: What are the reasons that triggers enuresis ?

A: Bedwetting is another name for enuresis. The most prevalent type of elimination issue is nocturnal…