What factors could cause individuals with the same genotype to express different phenotypes? Patterns of Mendelian inheritance Different environments Blending inheritance Heterozygote advantage If the phenotypes were controlled by many interacting genes, each with multiple alleles
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- Crossing Pea Plants: Mendels Study of Single Traits Of the following, which are phenotypes and which are genotypes? a. Aa b. tall plants c. BB d. abnormal cell shape e. AaBbAnalysis of Autosomal Recessive and Dominant Traits Huntington disease is a rare, fatal disease that usually develops in the fourth or fifth decade of life. It is caused by a single autosomal dominant allele. A phenotypically normal man in his twenties who has a 2-year-old son of his own learns that his father has developed Huntington disease. What is the probability that he himself will develop the disease? What is the chance that his young son will eventually develop the disease?The Online Mendelian Inheritancein Man (OMIM) databaseis a catalog of human genesand human disorders that are inheritedin a Mendelian manner. Genetic disordersthat arise from major chromosomalaberrations, such as monosomyor trisomy(the loss of a chromosome orthe presence of a superfluous chromosome,respectively), are not included.The OMIM database, updated daily, is aversion of the book Mendelian Inheritancein Man, conceived and edited by Dr. VictorMcKusick of Johns Hopkins University,until he passed in 2008.The OMIM entries provide links to awealth of information, including DNAand protein sequences, chromosomalmaps, disease descriptions, and relevantscientific publications. In this exercise,you will explore OMIM to answer questionsabout the recessive human diseasesickle-cell anemia and other Mendelianinherited disorders.Exercise I – Sickle-Cell AnemiaIn this chapter, you were introduced torecessive and dominant human traits.You will now discover more about sicklecellanemia as an…
- Describe the characteristics of the garden pea thatmade it a good organism for Mendel’s analysis of thebasic principles of inheritance. Evaluate how easy ordifficult it would be to make a similar study of inheritance in humans by considering the same attributesyou described for the pea.Single gene Mendelian inheritance patterns: if you are told the phenotype of the parents and whether the trait is dominant or recessive etc, be able to predict the genotype of the children. If you are told the phenotype of the parent as well as the inheritance pattern, be able to predict the parent’s genotype. Be able to set up and use a Punnett square to solve problems and make predictions. Be able to explain the major steps in how information from our genes is used to make proteins. Or to show it in a labeled diagram. Be able to explain whatis transcription, translation. Where in the cell do these processes occur? In what order? What type of molecules are being made [DNA, RNA, protein]? What are their building blocks? What is a mutation? How can a mutation in DNA cause a change in a protein? (use the following terms to answer: codon, transcription, translation, mRNA). What is gene expression? Why is regulation of gene expression important for normal…Consider two genes. The first one is autosomal with dominant allele A and recessive allele a in the population.The second gene is on the X chromosome with dominant allele R and recessive allele r. Recall that the male Y chromosome has no gene alleles.Match the mode of inheritance (MOI) with the sentence that best describes it.
- Consider two genes. The first one is autosomal with dominant allele A and recessive allele a in the population. The second gene is on the X chromosome with dominant allele R and recessive allele r. Recall that the male Y chromosome has no gene alleles. Match the mode of inheritance (MOI) with the sentence that best describes it.Draw all possible conclusions concerning the mode of inheritanceof the trait expressed in each of the following limited pedigrees.(Each case is based on a different trait.)Gregor Mendel’s basic principles of inheritance say that each trait is controlled by just one gene with just two alleles, and that each allele is clearly dominant or recessive to the other. However, we now know that many (if not most) traits are not actually inherited according to these rules. Name and describe two other (i.e., non-Mendelian) inheritance patterns, including how each one works, and a give specific example of an actual trait that follows each pattern.
- Huntington disease is a rare dominant condition in humans that results in a slow but inexorable deteriorationof the nervous system. The disease shows what mightbe called age-dependent penetrance, which is to saythat the probability that a person with the Huntingtongenotype will express the phenotype varies with age.Assume that 50% of those inheriting the HD allele willexpress the symptoms by age 40. Susan is a 35-yearold woman whose father has Huntington disease. Shecurrently shows no symptoms. What is the probabilitythat Susan will show symptoms in five years?Unattached earlobes (E) are dominant over attached earlobes (e) [Figure (a) and (b)]. If a woman with unattached earlobes and a man with attached earlobes have children, what percentage of their children has the possibility of having unattached earlobes if the mother is homozygous for the trait?Many traits that people think about as "running in families" or as being heritable in plants or animals are not inherited in the simple patterns that Mendel observed. What are some of the reasons that a trait could be strongly affected by genes but still not show the simple ratios that Mendel observed?