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- 1) Which of the following statement(s) regarding the ends of polysaccharides are true? All polysaccharides have at least one reducing end. Some polysaccharides may have no reducing end. Some polysaccharides may have no non-reducing ends. All polysaccharides have a N-glycosidic bond at their reducing ends. none of the above 2) The transformation of a monosaccharide into its ______ occurs easily and does not require the assistance of a catalyst. epimer anomer sugar alcohol diastereomer zwitterion1. Regarding proteins, what is meant by the following terms? A. Zwitterion B. pI C. Isoelectric point D. denaturation E. Catalyst F. Cofactor G. Coenzyme 1a. Why are proteins catalysts known as enzymes necessary to sustain life processes?  1b. Describe the interaction between enzyme and its substrate.2. View a butane molecule along the C2-C3 bond and provide a Newman projection of the lowest energy conformer.
- 3.Is the OH for the molecule in #2 from the carboxyl group or from the amino group?4.Is the H for the molecule in #2 from the carboxyl group or from the amino group?5.The splitting of a dipeptide into two separate amino acids would reverse the above reaction. What molecule would have to be added to a dipeptide in order to break a peptide bond and then split the dipeptide into two amino acids? (This kind of process in which water is added to a molecule when it splits apart is called hydrolysis.)1.Name the type of bond that links a.A nucleotide to another nucleotide in a DNA molecule b. A nitrogenous base to a ribose sugar in an RNA molecule 2.Draw the structures of the amino acids tyrosine and aspartic acid 3.Briefly explain how enzymwe descrease the activation energy of biocchemical reactions 4.A nucleic acid has 13% of adenine. Determine the composition of guanine , cytosine and thymine 5.What are the forces that stabilizedouble stranded DNA? 6.Provide the structures and functions of three biochemically important disaccharides 7.What arethe structural and functional differences between starch and celluloseWhich of the following is the best way to judge the relative activation energies between two given chemical reactions? Compare the ?G values between the two reactions Compare their reaction rates Compare their ideal environmental conditions Compare the spontaneity between the two reactions.
- Which of the following statements about the allosteric site is true? a. The allosteric site is a second active site on a substrate in a metabolic pathway. b. The allosteric site on an enzyme can allow the product of a metabolic pathway to inhibit that enzyme and stop the pathway. c. When the allosteric site of an enzyme is occupied, the reaction is irreversible and the enzyme cannot react again. d. An allosteric activator prevents binding at the active site. e. An enzyme that possesses allosteric sites does not possess an active site.In an enzymatic reaction: a. the enzyme leaves the reaction chemically unchanged. b. if the enzyme molecules approach maximal rate, and the substrate is continually increased, the rate of the reaction does not reach saturation. c. in the stomach, enzymes would have an optimal activity at a neutral pH. d. increasing temperature above the optimal value slows the reaction rate. e. the least important level of organization for an enzyme is its tertiary structure.Which of the following characteristics is not common to carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins? a. They are composed of a carbon backbone with functionalgroups attached. b. Monomers of these molecules undergo dehydration synthesisto form polymers. c. Their polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis. d. The backbones of the polymers are primarily polar molecules. e. The molecules are held together by covalent bonding.
- 3. One of the triacylglycerols found in corn oil contains palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. During the production of spreadable margarine, all of the double bonds in this triacylglycerol are converted from cis to trans isomers. Linoleic acid: CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOHLinolenic acid: CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH Palmitic acid: CH3(CH2)14COOH a. Identify the unsaturated fatty acid(s) listed above and provide the associated omega designation. b. Draw an accurate representation of the structure of the triacylglycerol present in spreadable margarine. Circle all ester bonds in the structure you have drawn.6. Which class or reactions results in the degradation of all macromolecules: a) dehydration synthesis of monomersà polymers with the loss of an H2O with the addition of each monomer b) hydrolysis with the addition of one H2O for each reaction c) oxidation with the loss of an e- d) reduction with the gain of an e-You have been so enamored with lab during your time in Biol201 that you decide to do some biology research yourself over summer break. You discover that the single macromolecule shown below is found in Piggy's skin. 1. What type of macromolecule is shown? a. Name the level of organization of the overall structure. b. Name the secondary structure(s) visible. c. Name the bond holding together the monomers of this structure. d. What effect would a silent mutation have on the shape of this structure?
