What is the function of each of the following substances?a. AMPKb. sterol carrier protein c. lipoprotein lipased. GLUT-4e. hormone-sensitive lipase
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What is the function of each of the following substances?
a. AMPK
b. sterol carrier protein
c. lipoprotein lipase
d. GLUT-4
e. hormone-sensitive lipase
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- Compare and contrast the following items related to lipid metabolism. Cite their main similarities/or differences. 1.lysophosphatidylcholine vs. phosphatidylethanolamine 2.trimyristin vs. triolein. 3. ACP vs. carnitine-acyl transferase.What effects do the following molecules have ongluconeogenesis?a. lactateb. ATPc. pyruvated. glycerole. AMPf. acetyl-CoAWhich might be a physiological phenotype associated with loss of function of GLUT1? inability of glucose to enter the intestinal cells from the intestinal lumen and high glucose excreted accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelial cytoplasm loss of glucose transport into somatic tissues (such as neurons in the brain) low glucose levels in the bloodstream
- Which one of the following statements concerning gluconeogenesis is correct? a. It is inhibited by elevated levels of acetyl CoA. b. It occurs in muscle. c. It is important in maintaining blood glucose during normal overnight fast. d. It is stimulated by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.According to glycogen metabolism, which of the following statementsis/are not true? I. Insulin results in dephosphorylation and subsequentactivation ofglycogen synthase. II. cAMP is a second messenger that triggers an increase in glycogensynthesis. III. Release of epinephrine leads to increased glycogen breakdown. IV. Glucagon promotes glycogen breakdown. V. Glucose-6-phosphate is an allosteric inhibitor of.phosphorylase A) I and VB) III and VC) II onlyD) III and IVE) V onlyAll of the following are true with respect to alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, except:A. It inhibits intestinal alpha-glucosidase B. It decreases enzymatic conversion of oligo- to monosaccharidesC. It lowers postprandial glucoseD. It causes gastrointestinal disturbances.E. It may cause development of hypertension.
- Stretch of the stomach is an important cue for the regulation of food intake. The brain receives information about stomach stretch from: a. sensory receptors on the skin of the abdomen b. the hormone angiotensin c. visual feedback d. the vagus nerve Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is an enzyme that converts norepinephrine into epinephrine. Which of the following would you expect after treatment with an inhibitor of PNMT? a. Cells that normally use dopamine as a neurotransmitter would now release epinephrine b. Cells that normally use epinephrine as a neurotransmitter would now release norepinephrine c. Cells that normally use epinephrine as a neurotransmitter would stop releasing neurotransmitterWhich one of the following is NOT a metabolic effect of glucagon secretion? Select one: a. Increase in gluconeogenesis. b. Increased glycogenolysis. c. Increase in the activity of adenylate cyclase. d. Increased amino acid uptake by the muscles.Define the following terms: a. hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketosis b. insulin resistance c. JNK d. PKCθ e. PKCε
- A patient is brought to the emergency department due to acute pain, nausea, and vomiting. Computed tomography indicates acute pancreatitis that leads to an increased activation of trypsin. Which of the following is most likely activated in this condition? a. Lysophospholipase b. Colipase c. Pancreatic lipase d. Gastric lipaseWhich of the following about eicosanoids is incorrect? A. Cyclooxygenase pathway produces prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. B. Lipoxygenases metabolize arachidonic acid to thromboxane. C. Lipoxygenase pathway produces leukotrienes. D. Phospholipase A2 catalyzes the liberation of arachidonic acid from phospholipidsConsider fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) when responding to Parts A, B, and C. When writing your response, please put A, B, or C in front of the answer for each part. NOTE: Each part can be answered in 3-4 sentences.A. State the effect (inhibition OR activation) of insulin signaling on the activity of FBP. Explain why this effect makes sense and make sure you identify the pathway where FBP participates.B. In a type 2 diabetic liver cell, when the blood sugar level is high, will the activity of FBP be HIGHER, LOWER, or THE SAME AS the activity in a nondiabetic liver cell under the same conditions? Explain your reasoning.C. Now think about the insulin and glucagon signaling pathways that control activity of FBP. When a nondiabetic liver cell is exposed to low blood sugar, indicate one specific way the insulin or glucagon signaling pathway could be disrupted so that the activity of FBP is not controlled correctly. Then, explain the reasoning for your answer.