What is the function of the MHC antigens? Why are the genes that encode these antigens so variable?

Q: What is the function of MHC? Which cells make MHC I, and which make MHC II? What WBCs can present…

A: MHC stands for Major Histocompatibility Complex. These are the group of genes that code for…

Q: What are chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) ?

A: The patient with impairment or dysfunction of the immune cells is aided clinically by a process…

Q: What is the purpose of using a secondary antibody?

A: Antibodies are the sites where antigen binding occurs on the surfaces of B- cell or membrane,…

Q: Which of the following interactions will NOT provoke an immune response?     A. Endogenous antigen +…

A: Ans - d) Endogenous antigen + MHC Class I + BCR, will not provoke an immune response. The two types…

Q: Explain MHC Restriction of the Lymphocyte Receptors?

A: MHC is the Major histocompatibility complex and is defined as the various genes present in a cluster…

Q: Which of the following are strategies do cancer cells use to escape detection by the immune system?…

A: We realize that the Immune system can perceive and can kill cancer cells. Either cancer cells or…

Q: What are the functions of CD4 and CD8 proteins on the surface of T cells?

A: T cells are the lymphocytes mainly responsible for the cell-mediated immune response of adaptive…

Q: What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or human leukocyte antigens (HLA)?

A: Immunity is a state of resistance of an organism to invading biotic or abiotic pathogens and their…

Q: In regard to antigen presentation, MHC class I molecules usually present peptides derived from…

A: Introduction: T cell receptors (TCR) are present on T lymphocytes that are one of the immune cells…

Q: Pattern recognition receptors bind to Select one: a. B and T lymphocytes b. Host cell-associated…

A: Introduction Pattern Recognition Receptors are; Toll-like receptors (TLR) Nucleotide-binding…

Q: What is T-cell receptor (TCR) ? How it works ?

A: Immunity is the capability of the body to fight against foreign attack and maintain the persistence…

Q: Explain how dendritic cells or B cells can express six different versions of MHC1 and six to eight…

A: An antigen is a substance or a molecule that the body recognizes as a foreign particle. That means…

Q: How is the newly emerging repertoire of T cells, with their diverse pre-TCRs, further differentiated…

A: T-cell has a receptor on its outer surface known as a T-Cell Receptor (TCR). T cell originates from…

Q: What is MHC?  List the specific cells that have MHC presentation and describe their role in the…

A: A sequence of genes that code for cell surface proteins that regulate the adaptive immune response…

Q: Which of the enzymatic fragments are able to bind antigen?

A: BASIC INFORMATION  IMMUNE SYSTEM  It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause…

Q: What is the appropriate response when antigen is presented on MHC class II molecules?a) An effector…

A: APCs stands for antigen-presenting cells. They are a large group of a variety of cells that trigger…

Q: How is the gp120 protein important to HIV and its ability to confound the immune system?

A: Envelope glycoprotein GP120 is a glycoprotein exposed on the surface of the HIV envelope.

Q: what are the Haptens, MHC 1 and 2, and APCs?

A: Haptens are small molecules that elicit an immune response only when they are attached to a large…

Q: What are MHC class I and class II receptors and how do they recognize foreignness

A:

Q: Why are MHC proteins so highly variable?

A: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are a group of genes that code for proteins found on the…

Q: What types of cells display MHC class I and class IIantigen complexes, and what happens as a result?

A: MHC or Major Histocompatibility complex is a locus present in the DNA of vertebrates. This locus has…

Q: Where is the CD4 receptor?  What is it’s role in the immune response? (provide details – innate vs…

A: The human immune system is made up of the ancient innate immune system that originated from…

Q: Which two types of immune cells can viruses avoid if they present “fake” MHC class I molecules when…

A: The immune system is defined as a complex network or system of cells and proteins that will defend…

Q: How does a single MHC protein present many differentpeptides to T cells?

A: To identify foreign substance or infectious agents a group of cell surface proteins plays vital role…

Q: How does the Major Histocompatibility Complex relate to clonal selection theory and immune…

A: The immune system of the human body can be divided into innate immunity and adaptive immunity.…

Q: What polypeptide chains make up the MHC class molecule? MHC class II?

A: answer :  MHC class molecules are made up of mainly two polypeptide chains which are α and β2…

Q: why is the study of Immune checkpoint inhibitors important for basic immunology and human diseases

A: Commercial availability, longer life time, and high efficacy against cancer cells are only a few of…

Q: what is a “cytokine storm”?

A: The term "cytokine" is made up of two terms - cyto meaning cell and kine meaning signaling.…

Q: the genes encoding which of the following that can undergo hypermutation to create receptors that…

A: In humoral immunity B cells or B-lymphocytes synthesize and secrete antibodies with specificity…

Q: Name two antigen-presenting cells.  What is their role in the adaptive immune system? Which classes…

A: In immunology the antigen presenting cells presents the antigen to produce an immunological response…

Q: How does our immune system coordinate to combat pathogens that suppress MHC class I molecule (the…

A: MHC class1 genes expresses MHC 1 glycoproteins or molecules on the surface of all nucleated cell…

Q: What determines the type and size of a peptide that binds into the groove of a MHC molecule?

A: MHC molecule The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are cell surface molecules. They…

Q: What distinguishes MHC I from MHC II? a-aquisition of antigenic peptide in the cytoplasm…

A: MHC I and MHC II   Major histocompatibility complex Class I and Class II proteins help in providing…

Q: Match the term in column A with its description in column B.

A: KIR stands for Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), family of highly polymorphic…

Q: What are MHC class I and class II receptors and how do they recognize foreignness?   This is an…

A: MHC (Major Histocompatibility complex) is a type of transmembrane glycoprotein which are presented…

Q: Nowadays, in the clinical field of cancer vaccines, is there a potential to eliciting autoimmune…

A: Immune system is the system of body who provide protection by the pathogenic microorganisms

Q: What is opsonization? What is the role of antibodies in this process?

A: When the immune system recognizes foreign antigen enters in the body, complement activation occurs.…

Q: What are chimeric antigen receptors, and how are they constructed?

A: Receptors are the cell surface or intracellular molecules to which a ligand binds.

Q: What is the reason behind antibody diversity?

A: Antibody Antibodies are the molecules (Y-shaped structures) which are produced by the immune system…

Q: In influenza virus, what is antigenic shift and how does it occur?

A: Influenza is a common viral infection that is caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose,…

Q: Which type of MHC-class molecule is found on all nucleated cells and is used to communicate with…

A: Introduction: The MHC (major histocompatibility complex) is a group of genes that encodes for a set…

Q: Define the following terms: a. tus-ter complex b. chimera c. MHC antigens d. helices e. primer

A: Replication is considered as a biological process, which involves the formation of a daughter…

Q: What is the term for a cluster of connected antigens, complement molecules, and antibodies in…

A:

Nucleotides

It is an organic molecule made up of three basic components- a nitrogenous base, phosphate,and pentose sugar. The nucleotides are important for metabolic reactions andthe formation of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). 

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are essential biomolecules present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and viruses. They carry the genetic information for the synthesis of proteins and cellular replication. The nucleic acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The structure of all proteins and ultimately every biomolecule and cellular component is a product of information encoded in the sequence of nucleic acids. Parts of a DNA molecule containing the information needed to synthesize a protein or an RNA are genes. Nucleic acids can store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next, fundamental to any life form.