What is the probability of finding an example plant in the F10 generation? ii. What is the probability of finding an example plant in the F4 generation? [Note: this probability is higher than that for the F10 generation or the F3 generation. What qualitative reason might there be?
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Mendel began his work with pairs of varieties from the breeders that differed from each other in just one trait (corresponding to one gene difference, as we now know) out of the 7 traits he studied. These pairs could be obtained by self-pollinating an individual from an advanced generation that was pure-breeding for 6 of the traits but heterozygous for the 7th.
i. What is the probability of finding an example plant in the F10 generation?
ii. What is the probability of finding an example plant in the F4 generation? [Note: this probability is higher than that for the F10 generation or the F3 generation. What qualitative reason might there be?
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- Mendel found that three traits in peas—height, flower color, and pod shape—are determined by different genes, and that these genes assort independently. Suppose that true-bred tall plants with violet flowers and inflated pods are crossed to true-bred dwarf plants with white flower and constricted pods. All the plants in the F1 generation are tall, with violet flowers and inflated pods. If these F1 plants are self-fertilized, what fraction of their offspring are expected to … a.)show all three dominant phenotypes? b.)be tall with white flowers and constricted pods?In Mendel’s 1866 publication as shown in Figure 1-4, he reports 705 purple-flowered (violet) offspring and 224 white-flowered offspring. The ratio he obtained is 3.15:1 for purple: white. How do you think he explained the fact that the ratio is not exactly 3:1?In classical Mendelian genetics, how can one check the genotype of a parent (A) expressing the characters of a dominant allele? Select one: a. By performing a back cross with a recessive homozygote parent (B). If the A parent is homozygote for the dominant allele, then all the individuals from the F1 will display the dominant character. If the parent A was, instead, a heterozygote, then 50% of the F1 progeny will express the recessive character (homozygote recessive) and 50% the dominant one (heterozygotes). b. It is impossible to check such genotype without using specific molecular assays. c. By performing a back cross with a dominant homozygote parent (B). If the A parent is homozygote for the dominant allele, then all the individuals from the F1 will display the dominant character.
- When Gregor Mendel performed his breeding experiments on pea plants, he discovered that tallness in the plants is inherited through a simple dominant trait (coded "T") with shortness as the recessive trait (coded "t"). Imagine that Mendel bred a homozygous dominant pea plant with a pea plant heterozygous for tallness. Draw a Punnett Square to help you answer this question and the next one: In the 1st generation of offspring, we expect the genotypes (for tallness) to include… a) 50% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous b) 100% heterozygous c) 50% tall, 50% short d) 100% tall e) None of the aboveMendel performed crosses in which he used pollen from a white-flowered plant to fertilize a purple-flowered plant and pollen from a purple-flowered plant to fertilize a white-flowered plant, showing the same results with both. What did these reciprocal crosses demonstrate? A. That the plants were not sterile. B. That there was no epistasis. C. That the trait could be passed from either parent. D. B and C.Mendel obtained his initial pea plant varieties from local breeders who were developing new varieties that might be useful or interesting. To generate these new varieties, breeders formed hybrids between existing varieties of different phenotypic characteristics by cross-pollination, using techniques they doubtless taught to Mendel. After producing a hybrid, they allowed several generations of self-pollination, as happens naturally if the flowers are not disturbed. i. How many generations would it take for a breeder to have produced new pure-breeding varieties using this approach? ii. What is the probability that an individual in each of these generations (F2, F3, and F10) would be homozygous for one or the other allele of this gene? [Broad hint: if they’re not heterozygous, they’re homozygous!] please answer and explain properly
- When Gregor Mendel performed his breeding experiments on pea plants, he discovered that tallness in the plants is inherited through a simple dominant trait (coded "T") with shortness as the recessive trait (coded "t"). Imagine that Mendel bred a homozygous dominant pea plant with a pea plant heterozygous for tallness. Draw a Punnett Square to help you answer this question and the next one: In the 1st generation of offspring, we expect the phenotypes (for tallness) to include… a) 50% homozygous dominant, 50% heterozygous b) 100% heterozygous c) 50% tall, 50% short d) 100% tall e) None of the aboveMendel describes subjecting each of the 34 varieties of peas he obtained to a two-year trial. During this time he let the plants self-fertilize and observed their offspring. What was he looking for, and what was the purpose of doing this two-year trial? Explain what Mendel means when he writes that the 3:1 ratio observed in the first generation from the hybrids "resolves itself" into a ratio of 2:1:1When Mendel was conducting his research, he crossed two different varieties of pea plants, one that had jagged leaves with 8 points on each leaf and one that had perfectly smooth leaves. He found that the offspring all had 4 to 5 points on each leaf. Based on what you have learned in this course, how would you explain this result to Mendel?
- Mendel obtained his initial pea plant varieties from local breeders who were developing new varieties that might be useful or interesting. To generate these new varieties, breeders formed hybrids between existing varieties of different phenotypic characteristics by cross pollination, using techniques they doubtless taught to Mendel. After producing a hybrid, they allowed several generations of self-pollination, as happens naturally if the flowers are not disturbed. a. What if a breeder were working with 7 different, independently segregating genes, as Mendel did? How many generations would it take him to have pure-breeding varieties, starting from an F1 hybrid that is heterozygous for all 7 genes? i. What is the probability that an individual in the F2 generation would be pure-breeding (i.e. is homozygous at all 7 loci)? [Hint: this is an “and” calculation since it must be homozygous at each of the 7 loci. ii. What is the probability that an individual in the F3 generation would…Why did Mendel perform "reciprocal crosses"? Someone gives you a bag of yellow peas and you plant them in the Spring. Can you predict the color of the peas that will appear in the pods on the plants grown from these peas? Would your answer be different if you had received a bag of green peas? Explain what Mendel means when he writes that the 3:1 ratio observed in the first generation from the hybrids "resolves itself" into a ratio of 2:1:1Mendel also studied tall and short varieties of pea plants. When he crossed tall x short plants together, the F1were tall. The tall F1 plants were self-hybridized to produce the F2. What proportion of phenotypes would be expected in the F2? 1:2:1 tall:intermediate:short 3:1 tall:short 1:1 tall:short 3:1 short:tall 1:2:1 intermediate:tall:short