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- Quasars, or quasi-stellar radio sources, are astronomical objects discovered in 1960. They are distant but strong emitters of radio waves with angular size so small, they were originally unresolved, the same as stars. The quasar 3C405 is actually two discrete radio sources that subtend an angle of 82 arcsec. If this object is studied using radio emissions at a frequency of 410 MHz, what is the minimum diameter of a radio telescope that can resolve the two sources?Youngs double-slit experiment underlies the instrument landing system used to guide aircraft to safe landings at some airports when the visibility is poor. Although real systems are more complicated than the example described here, they operate on the same principles. A pilot is trying to align her plane with a runway as suggested in Figure P27.2. Two radio antennas (the black dots in the figure) are positioned adjacent to the runway, separated by d = 40.0 m. The antennas broadcast unmodulated coherent radio waves at 30.0 MHz. The red lines in Figure P27.2 represent paths along which maxima in the interference pattern of the radio waves exist. (a) Find the wavelength of the waves. The pilot locks onto the strong signal radiated along an interference maximum and steers the plane to keep the received signal strong. If she has found the central maximum, the plane will have precisely the correct heading to land when it reaches the runway as exhibited by plane A. (b) What If? Suppose the plane is flying along the first side maximum instead as is the case for plane B. How far to the side of the runway centerline will the plane be when it is 2.00 km from the antennas, measured along its direction of travel? (c) It is possible to tell the pilot that she is on the wrong maximum by sending out two signals from each antenna and equipping the aircraft with a two-channel receiver. The ratio of the two frequencies must not be the ratio of small integers (such as 34). Explain how this two-frequency system would work and why it would not necessarily work if the frequencies were related by an integer ratio.The lens of a giant human eye is about 7.4 cm in diameter. For visible light at 643 nm what is the diffraction limit in Arden of a giant human eye
- A parallel X-ray beam is diffracted by sodium chloride. Strong first-order is obtained when the Bragg angle (the angle between the crystal planes and the emerging beam) is 6º 50’. The distance between the planes that are in the reflection position in the crystal is 2,8 Å. 1 angstron = 1 Å = 0,1 nm. a) What is the wavelength of X-rays?Collimated laser light of wavelength 548 nm is incident on a grating with 1554 lines/mm in the Littrow configuration (not normal incidence). We want to create feedback to the laser from the grating (i.e. 'retroreflection'), in order to tune its wavelength. What angle of incidence on the grating, in degrees, is required to get feedback? [The grating rotates about an axis parallel to the grating grooves]Problem 7: A photographer is attempting to take a photo of two ships on the horizon which are separated by a distance L = 7.4 m. The camera has an aperture of D = 1.2 cm. Assume the range of visible light is 400 nm - 700 nm.Randomized Variables L = 7.4 mD = 1.2 cm Part (a) Find the minimum angle of resolution in degrees. Part (b) What is the maximum distance, in meters, that the ships can be from the photographer to get a resolvable picture?
- The structure molecules can be confirmed by using X-ray diffractionanalysis, which are explained by Bragg’s Law. The law states that when thex-ray is incident onto a crystal surface, its angle of incidence, will reflectback with a same angle of scattering. A first-order reflection from the {111}planes of a cubic crystal was observed at a glancing angle of 18.9° whenCu(Kα) X-rays of wavelength 179 pm were used. (i) Illustrate clearly the reflection of crystal using Bragg’s Law.(ii) Calculate the unit cell parameters of the crystal.(iii) Calculate the angle at which the same crystal will give a reflectionfrom the {123} planes.A helium-neon laser (λ = 633 nm), as shown, is built with a glass tube of inside diameter 1.0 mm. One mirror is partially transmitting to allow the laser beam out. An electrical discharge in the tube causes it to glow like a neon light. From an optical perspective, the laser beam is a light wave that diffracts out through a 1.0-mm-diameter circular opening.a. Explain why a laser beam can’t be perfectly parallel, with no spreading.b. The angle θ1 to the first minimum is called the divergence angle of a laser beam. What is the divergence angle of this laser beam?c. What is the diameter (in mm) of the laser beam after it travels 3.0 m?d. What is the diameter of the laser beam after it travels 1.0 km?Young's double slit experiment is one of the quintessential experiments in physics. The availability of low cost lasers in recent years allows us to perform the double slit experiment rather easily in class. Your professor shines a green laser (560 nm) on a double slit with a separation of 0.109 mm. The diffraction pattern shines on the classroom wall 4.0 m away. Calculate the fringe separation between the fifth order and central fringe.m
- A physician wants to shine a therapeutic Nd YAG laser through a small slit onto a patient who is 37 cm behind the slit. What maximum size slit could she use so that there would be no intensity minima in the light that falls on the patient? The infrared wavelength of the YAG laser is 1064 nm. PLEASE PLEASE draw the diagram/situation and define variables THank you!!A crystal sample of bacteriorhodopsin, a light-sensitive protein found in halobacteria that responds to light energy, has crystal planes separated by 0.20 nm. If a beam of 12keV x rays illuminates a sample, what angles will give diffraction maxima of the first, second and third order? Express your answers in degrees separated by commas in ascending order.A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic light of a known wavelength λ= 6.35 x 10^-7 m is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 22° to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?