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- Classify the following pollution-control policies as command-and-control or market incentive based. A state emissions tax on the quantity of carbon emitted by each firm. The federal government requires domestic auto companies to improve car emissions by 2020. The EPA sets national standards for water quality. A city sells permits to films that allow them to emit a specified quantity of pollution. The federal government pays fishermen to preserve salmon.For each of your answers to Exercise 12.2, will equilibrium price rise or fall or stay the same?Radio stations, tornado sirens, light houses, and street lights are all public goods in that all are nonrivalrous and nonexclusionary. Therefore why does the government provide tornado sirens, street lights and light houses but not radio stations (other than PBS stations)?
- Suppose you want to put a dollar value on the external costs of carbon emissions from a power plant. What information or data would you obtain to measure the external [not social] cost?How can high-income countries benefit from covering much of the cost of reducing pollution created by low-income countries?Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion One advantage of an emissions tax over a cap-and-trade system is that a. permit markets can have transactions costs that taxes do not. b. taxes put a price on pollution, but cap-and-trade systems do not. c. once a cap-and-trade system is in place, there is no way for the government to adjust the price of permits. d. taxes are always popular.
- Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion Why the market tends to fail when dealing with environmental issues? It is said many externalities in environmental economics have features that are similar to that of public goods. We know that the provision of some public goods such as lighthouse can be solved through the market rather effectively. What makes environmental goods such as clean air different from other public goods such as lighthouse? Why is it more difficult to solve the provision of clear air through the market?5) Suppose that an international agreement requires exporters to reduce their carbon emissions. In this context, government subsidies are provided to R&Ds that will enable green-friendly production in exporting industries that produce high-tech.a) Explain what might be the reasons for the implementation of such an activist policy.(Answer this question with the arguments of your main course book, (Krugman; Obstfeld; Melitz; 2015))b) Describe how the Environmental Kuznet curve works. Let's assume that there is a green-friendly technology transfer from developed countries to less developed countries in order to achieve the goal of a decrease in emission, then what will happen to the curve?True or false and use a graph to explain: when the costs of pollution abatement are uncertain, corrective taxation is always preferable to quantity regulations.
