When analyzing how borrowing and lending affect the consumer's budget constraint, we measure spending in the current time period on the horizontal axis and spending in the future time period on the vertical axis. Assume that the interest rate at which the consumer can lend and borrow is 10%, income in period 1 is $1000 and income in period 2 is $1200. The point of maximum current consumption can be expressed as 1000+ 1200/1.1. 1000(1.1) + 1200. 1000+ 1200 +.1 1000/1.1 + 1200/1.1 +1.
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- A consumer's income in the current period is y = 100 and income in the future period is y'= 120. He or she pays lump-sum taxes t=20 in the current period and t'= 10 in the future period. The real interest rate is 0.1, or 10%, per period. (a) Determine what the consumer's optimal current-period and future-period consump tions are, and what optimal saving is, and show this in a diagram with the consumer's budget constraint and indifference curves. Is the consumer a lender or a borrower? (b) Now suppose that instead of y = 100 the consumer has y = 140 Again, determine optimal consumption in the current and future periods and optimal saving, and show this in a dia gram. Is the consumer a lender or a borrower? (c) Explain the differences in your results be tween parts (a) and (b).Suppose that a consumer/investor has an initial endowment only for the current period, which is Eo =450. She may consume today or in the next period only (two-period model). The interest rate for borrowing and lending in the capital market is 5% (a)Depict the budget constraint for the investor in an inter-temporal consumption diagram! What is the maximum amount the consumer is able to consume in the next period? (b)The consumption preferences of the consumer/investor are best described by a square root function, defined over current and future consumption. What is his optimal consumption plan? Show your calculations! Depict the results in appropriate diagram. Which amount is invested in the capital market?Assume that an individual expects to work for 40 years andthen retire with a life expectancy of an additional 20 years.Suppose also that the individual’s earnings increase at a rateof 3 percent per year and that the interest rate is also 3 percent(the overall price level is constant in this problem). What(constant) fraction of income must the individual save ineach working year to be able to finance a level of retirementincome equal to 60 percent of earnings in the year just priorto retirement?
- Consider the intertemporal consumption problem of Mr Cronus between two periods, say this yearand next year. His utility function takes the form U (c1; c2) = pc1 +0:97pc2, where c1 and c2 arehis consumption this and next year respectively. It can be shown (and you do not have to) thatthis utility function satis es diminishing marginal rate of substitution.His yearly income is stable at 100 unit (let say a unit is ten-thousand). He faces di¤erent interestrates between borrowing and saving. Speci cally, the saving interest rate is 0:02, whereas theborrowing interest rate is 0:04.(a) Describe the budget set facing Mr Cronus.(b) Is Mr Cronus a borrower? Explain your answer.(c) Is Mr Cronus a saver? Explain your answer.14. To use the Net Present Value (NPV) method of capital budgeting, one could calculate the present value of all the future net cash flows of an investment discounted at its cost of capital, and then subtract which one of the following? OA. The salvage value OB. The present value of the salvage value OC. The initial cost of the investment OD. The initial cost of the investment less the present value of the salvage valueAssume a consumer has current-period income y = 200, future-period income y′ = 150, current and future taxes t = 40 and t′ = 50, respectively, and faces a market real interest rate of r = 0.05, or 5% per period. The consumer would like to consume according to the following utility function: U (c, c′ ) = ln(c) + ln(c′ ). Show mathematically the lifetime budget constraint for this consumer. Find the optimal consumption in the current and future periods and optimal saving. Suppose that instead of r = 0.05 the interest rate is r = 0.1. Repeat parts (a) and (b). Does the substitution effect or the income effect dominate?
- A consumer's current income (y) is 200 and the future income ( t.') is 240. A current lump sum tax (t) of 10 is paid and the tax in the next period (t) is 15. The real interest rate is 20% for each period. Please assume that current and future consumption are complements. and the consumer always prefers to have one unit of current consumption and two units of consumption in the future. Calculate the optimal current and future consumption and the optimal current and future savings. Is the consumer a lender or a borrower? How does he she. as a lender or a borrower. affect the future consumption?Three students have each saved $1,000. Each has an investment opportunity in which he or she can invest up to $2,000. Here are the rates of return on the students’ investment projects: Student Return (Percent) Carlos 4 Felix 7 Janet 15 Assume borrowing and lending is prohibited, so each student uses only personal saving to finance his or her own investment project. Complete the following table with how much each student will have a year later when the project pays its return. Student Money a Year Later (Dollars) Carlos Felix Janet Now suppose their school opens up a market for loanable funds in which students can borrow and lend among themselves at an interest rate rr. A student would choose to be a lender in this market if his or her expected rate of return is than rr. Suppose the interest rate is 6 percent. Among these three students, the quantity of loanable funds supplied would be ,…assume elsa has current income of $50000 and expects income of $60000 next period. interest rate is 6% elsa desires to have the same amount of consumption expenditure during both periods. in the two period certainty framework, determine how much elsa's expenditures are during each period is elsa a saver or spender
- Suppose a consumer has $1500 in the current time period and $1100 in the future time period.Suppose also that the consumer can borrow and lend freely and, unless otherwise specified, borrowing and lending interest rates are the same. (a) If the interest rate between time periods is 50%, what is the budget constraint between consumption in the present and consumption in the future? (B) If the interest rate at which the consumer can borrow is 75% but the rate at which she can lend is25%, what is the budget constraint? (C) Suppose the interest rate is 50%. If the consumer has to pay a fee of 10% of the loan amount in order to borrow money, what is the budget constraint?A consumer's current income (y) is 200 and the future income ( t.') is 240. A current lump sum tax (t) of 10 is paid and the tax in the next period (t') is 15. The real interest rate is 20% for each period. Please assume that current and future consumption are complements. and the consumer always prefers to have one unit of current consumption and two units of consumption in the future.Calculate the consumer's lifetime wealth.Calculate the optimal current and future consumption and the optimal current and future savings. Is the consumer a lender or a borrower? How does he she. as a lender or a borrower. affect the future consumption?A college professor is planning for his retirement years. His utility function is ?(?t , ?r ) = 3c t 0.5+2cr0.5 where ct represents his consumption today (period 1), his active years of teaching, and cr represents his consumption in his retirement years (period 2). During his active years of teaching, he makes a total of ₺3 million, while in his retirement years his total income is ₺1 million. He can borrow or lend at an interest rate of 25% between the two periods. Write an equation that describes the professor’s budget assuming he will spend all his income during his lifetime. If the professor chooses neither to borrow nor to lend during his active years, what will be his marginal rate of substitution between his consumption today and his retirement years? If the professor aims at maximizing his utility, how much does he consume in each period (use the Lagrangian method)? Does he save for his retirement years? If so, how much? At what interest rate would the professor…