which is transmitted over the channel. Let T(w) denote the received word.
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- The previous problem is in the picture. Suppose that I have 800 Gigabytes worth of movies on my hard drive at home, and I’d like to get them to a friend in Chicago. I could either send them over the Internet, or I could copy them to a thumb drive, drive to Chicago, and deliver them by hand. Assume that the specs for my cable connection are the same as in the previous problem, but the friend in Chicago has a cable connection which gets 25 Mbps down/5 Mbps up. Which would be faster? Show your work.Computer A is sending a 10 MByte long file to Computer B via packet-switching over two consecutive 100 Mbps links of 2000 km length each.Assume that the signal propagation speed on both links is 2 x 108 m/s.Furthermore, assume that the maximum length of a packet is 1480 bytes and that Computer A fills each packet to the max, if possible. How "long" (in meters) is one bit on link 1?**Please do C****C IS different from B** a. Compute CBC-MAC for a message of 16 bits, “8642” (in Hexa). Assume a block size of 8 bits with an IV=F1 (in hexa). For simplicity, assume the encryption to be a simple XOR of the key with the plaintext. Let the encryption key be B4 (in Hexa). (Hint: Divide the message into blocks of 8 bits each; XOR each block with the previous cipher output; then encrypt this with the key. For the first block, XOR it with IV. Details in pages 325-326 Ch.12 of the textbook) b. Suppose Alice computes the Secret prefix MAC (page 322: secret prefix MAC(x) = h(key || x)) for the message ”AM” (in ASCII) with key “G” (in ASCII) that both Alice and Bob know. The hash function that is used is h(x1x2x3)= g(g(x1 XOR x2) XOR x3 ) where each xi is a character represented as 8 bits, and g(x) is a 8-bit string that is equal to the complement of bits in x. For example, g(10110011) = 01001100. The MAC is 8 bits. (8-bit ASCII representation of the characters is given…
- 10. A disadvantage of a broadcast subnet is the capacity wasted when multiple hosts attempt to access the channel at the same time. As a simplistic example, suppose that time is divided into discrete slots, with each of the n hosts attempting to use the channel with probability p during each slot. What fraction of the slots are wasted due to collisions?Assume the following parameters for Go-Back-N a) N 3 b) Round Trip Time (RTT)10 ms c) Retransmission Timeout period 40 ms d) Segment Size: 1200 bytes. Suppose that Bob sends 7 segments, numbere1 through 7, to Alice using the Go-Back-N mechanism. Suppose that Segment 3 and Segment are lost the first time the segments are sent to Alice, but reach Alice correctly when retransmitted. Apart from the above, there were no other segment losses. What is the average throughput obtained in sending all segments (in bytes/sec)? Draw a diagram to show your work in detail. 2. Assume the following parameters for Selective Repeat: b) Round Trip Time (RTT)10 ms c) Retransmission Timeout period 40 ms d) Segment Size: 1200 bytes Suppose that Bob sends 6 segments, numbered 1 through 6, to Alice using Selective Repeat. Suppose that Segment 3 gets lost the first time Bob sends it to Alice, but reaches Alice correctly when retransmitted Apart from the above, there were no other segment losses. What is the…Q1. A series of messages is to be transferred between two computers over the Internet. The messages comprise just the characters A through H. Analysis has shown that the probability (relative frequency of occurrence) of each character is as follows: A and B= 0.25, C and D= 0.14, E,F,G, and H= 0.055 (a) By computing the entropy of the source, derive the minimum average number of bits per character.
- Computer A is sending a 100 kByte long file to Computer B via packet-switching over two consecutive 10 Mbps links of 1000 km length each.Assume that the signal propagation speed on both links is 2.5 x 108 m/s.Furthermore, assume that the maximum length of a packet is 1500 bytes and that Computer A fills each packet to the max, if possible. If transmission starts at time t=0, how long (in seconds) does it take until Computer B has received the last bit of the complete file transfer?Assume that the switch between link 1 and 2 is a "store-and-forward" switch. Furthermore, assume that processing and queuing delays are negligible and no other stations are using the links.**Please do A or C** a. Compute CBC-MAC for a message of 16 bits, “8642” (in Hexa). Assume a block size of 8 bits with an IV=F1 (in hexa). For simplicity, assume the encryption to be a simple XOR of the key with the plaintext. Let the encryption key be B4 (in Hexa). (Hint: Divide the message into blocks of 8 bits each; XOR each block with the previous cipher output; then encrypt this with the key. For the first block, XOR it with IV. Details in pages 325-326 Ch.12 of the textbook) b. Suppose Alice computes the Secret prefix MAC (page 322: secret prefix MAC(x) = h(key || x)) for the message ”AM” (in ASCII) with key “G” (in ASCII) that both Alice and Bob know. The hash function that is used is h(x1x2x3)= g(g(x1 XOR x2) XOR x3 ) where each xi is a character represented as 8 bits, and g(x) is a 8-bit string that is equal to the complement of bits in x. For example, g(10110011) = 01001100. The MAC is 8 bits. (8-bit ASCII representation of the characters is given below.) What is the…Computer A is sending a 100 kByte long file to Computer B via packet-switching over two consecutive 10 Mbps links of 1000 km length each.Assume that the signal propagation speed on both links is 2.5 x 108 m/s.Furthermore, assume that the maximum length of a packet is 1500 bytes and that Computer A fills each packet to the max, if possible. How many bytes will be contained in the last packet?
- Computer A is sending a 100 kByte long file to Computer B via packet-switching over two consecutive 10 Mbps links of 1000 km length each.Assume that the signal propagation speed on both links is 2.5 x 108 m/s.Furthermore, assume that the maximum length of a packet is 1500 bytes and that Computer A fills each packet to the max, if possible. If transmission starts at time t=0, at which time (in seconds) does the first bit arrive at the switch connecting link 1 and link 2?Computer A is sending a 10 MByte long file to Computer B via packet-switching over two consecutive 100 Mbps links of 2000 km length each.Assume that the signal propagation speed on both links is 2 x 108 m/s.Furthermore, assume that the maximum length of a packet is 1480 bytes and that Computer A fills each packet to the max, if possible. If transmission starts at time t=0, at which time (in seconds) does the first bit arrive at the switch connecting link 1 and link 2? (What is the propagation delay for link 1?)Suppose that a binary message – either 0 or 1 – must be transmitted by wire from location Ato location B. However, the data sent over the wire are subject to a channel noise disturbance,so to reduce the possibility of error, the value 2 is sent over the wire when the message is1, and the value −2 is sent when the message is 0. If X, X = {−2,2}, is the value sent atlocation A, the value received at location B, denoted as R, is given byR = X + N ,where N is the channel noise disturbance, which is independent of X. When the message isreceived at location B, the receiver decodes it according to the following rule:if R ≥.5, then conclude that message 1 was sentif R < .5, then conclude that message 0 was sentAssuming that the channel noise, N, is a unit normal random variable and that the message0 or 1 is sent with equal probability, what is the probability that we conclude that the wrongmessage was sent? This is the probability of error for this communication channel