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The venom of some cobras contains a mixture of substances that have a variety of physiological effects. One substance in the venom works by preventing acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors. Which of the following describes the effect of the venom on the prey of the cobra?
Question 5 options:
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Muscle contractions are prevented, causing paralysis. |
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Muscle contractions occur, but refractory periods would be longer. |
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Action potentials are continuously generated, causing tetanus. |
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Weak muscle contractions occur but are limited by ATP production by glycolysis. |
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- Alcohol addiction is a condition in which a person experiencesdependent on alcohol and difficult to control its consumption. On the other hand, excessive alcohol consumption in the long term can cause disturbances in brain performance, including disturbances in memory, attention, coordination, and locomotion. How does alcohol affect the functioning of nerve cells and the central nervous system? What is the mechanism that occurs? Based on information from the literature, analyze what will happen to coordination and locomotion in someone who is addicted to alcohol and consumes large amounts of alcohol over a long period of time.What would happen to an insect if you treated an insect with a chemical that inhibits acetylcholinesterase? 1) K+ channels get stuck open and the neuron stays perminantly hyperpolarized 2) Acetylcholine would continue to activiate Ca++ channels until death by exhaustion 3) Acetylcholine would continue to activiate Na+ channels until death by exhaustionBased on the graph, how soon could another action potential be easily initiated (at the end of the relative refractory period) after the first stimulus? (Base your answer to this question on the graph below depicting an action potential.) less than 0.5 msec 1 msec 2 msec 3 msec 4 msec
- If you inhibit the closing of sodium channels what do you predict the effect on neuronal function will be? If you inhibit the closing of sodium channels what do you predict the effect on neuronal function will be? Hyper-excitability: more sodium ions flow into the cell, causing neurons to fire more readily Hypo-excitability: more sodium ions flow into the cell, causing neurons not to fire as readily Less sodium is pumped out of the cell, slowing down return to the resting state Sodium ions are toxic to neurons, leading to cell proliferationMuscle fatigue has been suggested as one factor that can increase the chances of non-contact sports injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. Notably, some researchers have noted a delay in the reflex response after muscle fatigue. With your understanding of the stretch reflex, which of the following is the most logical contributing factor to the injury? a. the distraction of the game causes inhibitory impulses to be sent down from the somatosensory cortex, so muscles are not operating at full capacity b. the proprioceptors adapt and become less sensitive c. there is an increase in time to muscle contraction after triggering a reflexWhich of the following is NOT true regarding the changes that occur during an action potential. Check All That Apply When stimulus is sufficient to cause the threshold potential to be reached, the area stimulated opens its voltage-gated sodium channels.When stimulus is sufficient to cause the threshold potential to be reached, the area stimulated opens its voltage-gated sodium channels. After threshold is reached, the sodium ions move into the cell via the Na+/K+ pump, the inside of the cell becomes momentarily positive.After threshold is reached, the sodium ions move into the cell via the Na+/K+ pump, the inside of the cell becomes momentarily positive. At almost the same time as Na+ channels are closing, voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing an increased movement of potassium ions out of the cellAt almost the same time as Na+ channels are closing, voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing an increased movement of potassium ions out of the cell The…
- In muscles, acetylcholine is released by the _________________________and opens specific channels that allow the ion ______ to depolarize the membrane. motor neuron, sodium motor neuron, potassium muscle fibril, sodium muscle fibril, potassiumWhich of the following are mechanisms of gustation transduction? Select one or more: a. Hydrogen atoms activate proton channels b. Sodium ions activate sodium channels and a graded potential is produced c. Entry of sodium and calcium causes the cell to depolarize and voltage-gated calcium channels to open d. Calcium ions activate calcium channels and a graded potential is producedWhich of the following statements about the intensity of a nerve response is true? Select one: a. A stimulus reaching the threshold level may or may not propagate a nerve impulse. b. A small voltage shift and a large voltage shift will yield the same nerve impulse as long as the stimulus reaches the threshold level. c. All stimuli, regardless of the strength, will always generate a nerve impulse. d. A stimulus resulting in a greater voltage shift will result in a stronger nerve impulse and increased sense of perception in the brain.
- Clostridium botulinum is a bacteria that produces a toxin. The toxin is deadly to most animals, because it prevents vesicle movement inside the axons of motor neurons. If a person were to consume food contaminated with Clostridium botulinum, which of the following would most likely occur? flaccid paralysis because their motor neurons would not be able to conduct action potentials along their axons. spastic paralysis because their motor neurons would release too much acetylcholine at the synapse with a muscle fiber spastic paralysis because their motor neurons would conduct too many action potentials along their axons. flaccid paralysis because their motor neurons would not be able to release acetylcholine at the synapse with a muscle fiberWhen you lift a heavy box, your muscles need to generate a stronger than average contraction. What will happen to the timing and frequency of nerve stimulation of your muscles, and why?Which of the following is true regarding the difference between graded and action potentials? a.) Action potential occur only when the surface of the neuron is myelinated, but graded potentials occur in both in both myelinated and non-myelinated neurons. b.) The magnitude of action potential depends on the magnitude of the stimulus, whereas graded potentials are all or none. c.) The magnitude of graded potential depends on the magnitude of the stimulus, whereas action potentials are all or none.