Which of the following does NOT generally lead to a phosphate cascade?   A. active transport pumps   B. ligand-gated ion channels   C. receptor tyrosine kinases   D. G protein-coupled receptors

Q: Ligand binding of a (????) causes conformational changes in the receptor that free the associated…

A: A ligand is a molecule that binds to another molecule and, in some situations, sends a signal as a…

Q: The negatively charged intracellular environment and resulting resting membrane potential of neurons…

A: When a cell is not stimulated, its resting membrane potential is defined as the electrical potential…

Q: Which of the following are methods of cellular signaling?   Select one: a. All the answers are…

A: Cellular signaling is a process of communication or passing form one cell to another by signaling…

Q: Avidin (egg white) protein binds with biotin ligand with Kd = 1 X 10 -15 M whereas calmodulin is a…

A: Binding affinity refers to the binding strength between a biological molecule, such as proteins or…

Q: Enzyme(s) associated with the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane directly activated by G-proteins…

A: GPCRs are the largest and most diverse groups of membrane receptors. They convert extracellular…

Q: In a nerve cell membrane, the ion channels that allow the diffusion of Na+: a) are always open. b)…

A: SODIUM CHANNELS These are the integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conducting sodium…

Q: Membrane carriers resemble enzymes except for the fact that carriersa. are not proteins.b. do not…

A: A membrane carrier is a molecule that is involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and…

Q: Which of the following is not a characteristic of a G protein-coupled receptor? O A. Can recognize a…

A: Cell signaling is crucial for many physiological processes. It involves the binding of the ligand to…

Q: Describe a negative feedback mechanism for controlling a rising cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in…

A: Numerous metabolic reactions occur in a cell. These reactions may require an enzyme catalyst. The…

Q: important neurotransmitter agonists.

A: The signal transduction between the interactions of the ligand with particular receptors as well as…

Q: When activating what kind of receptor do you get the fastest (physiological) response? Select an…

A: There are certain protein molecules present inside the target cell or even on the surfaces of the…

Q: what happens when an antagonist binds to an inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor? a) it would…

A: When an antagonist binds to an inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor it would decrease inhibitory…

Q: Activation of PKC in the direct perforant pathway leads to which effect? a. insertion of new AMPA…

A: Protein kinase C is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in  controlling the…

Q: How does the function of an intracellular receptor differ from that of a membrane receptor? a. The…

A: The chemical structures composed of proteins that receive and transduce signals are called the…

Q: Amplification of a chemical signal occurs when?   a. phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinase…

A: Receptors are usually proteins , which are present on the cell membrane, which binds to the ligand…

Q: When activated extracellularly, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) initiate which of the following?…

A: GPCRs are a large family of cell surface receptors that respond to a variety of external signals.

Q: G protein–linked receptors (a) inactivate G proteins (b) activate first messengers (c) consist of 18…

A: The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life of all living organisms capable of…

Q: The drug Buckeyium binds to the NMDA receptor at the orthosteric binding site (were glutamate would…

A: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is known as an ion receptor in which glycine and glutamate bind for the…

Q: What are G-protein-coupled receptors? Explain their function in regard to how particular…

A: Cell surface receptors are the proteins embedded in the membrane. These are integral membrane…

Q: critically depends on maintaining electrochemical gradients across neuronal membranes. What would be…

A: INTRODUCTION Neurons Neurons (nerve cells) are specialised cells that are the base of nerve system…

Q: To what part of a receptor molecule does a chemicalsignal attach? Explain how a chemical signal can…

A: A receptor protein has receptor sites on the surface that touches the extracellular area. These…

Q: What is the mechanism by which voltage-gated channels open in response to voltage changes? Choose…

A: Voltage-gated ion channels are found buried in the plasma membrane of the cells. These gated ion…

Q: Describe the 3 main steps for activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.

A: Receptor tyrosine kinases are cell surface receptors with a high affinity for growth factors,…

Q: Paracrine signaling is characterized by ligands that are a. produced by the cell itself. b.…

A: There are generally four different types of chemical signaling present in multicellular organisms:…

Q: Voltage-gated ion channels on the cell body: a) allow Ca2+ to enter, leading to neurotransmitter…

A: Voltage gated transport – Voltage-gated channels help in the movement of molecules in and out of the…

Q: when a chemical messenger (or ligand) reaches a target cell, it binds to a receptor.  A hydrophobic…

A: Cell signalling is the process which leads to changes in the metabolism of a cell.

Q: Which statement are true? Constitutive secretion is the default pathway, primarily used to restore…

A: In eukaryotes, secretory pathway are used to send lipids and proteins to the plasma membrane. There…

Q: A function of the second messenger IP3 is to ... a) bind to and activate protein kinase A. b) bind…

A: Introduction:- There are three steps of cell signalling.  1. Reception: A signalling molecule from…

Q: Binding of a signaling molecule to which typeof receptor leads directly to a change in…

A: The cells in the multicellular organisms communicate through the signaling molecules that are…

Q: A signaling pathway is show below answer the following questions related to this pathway. What is…

A: Hello. Since your question has multiple sub-parts, we will solve first three sub-parts for you. If…

Q: Which of these is NOT a second messenger molecule? a. inositol triphosphate b. cyclic guanine…

A: Ans : K+ ions are not second messenger. option d is the right answer.

Q: Cells can use endocytosis to reduce the response to extracellular signaling. Which of these BEST…

A: Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing…

Q: A ligand binds to the extracellular portion of a receptor. Another ligand binds to an identical half…

A: Answer: Introduction: The attaching of a signaling molecule, or ligand, to its receiving molecule…

Q: Which of the following is incorrect about protein kinase A (PKA)? a. It is activated by the 2nd…

A: Introduction: Protein Kinase A is an enzyme present in our cells. It is dependent on the cellular…

Q: Carbon monoxide is a deadly gas. This is due to its quick activation of specific signaling pathways…

A: CO stands for carbon monoxide. It is a deadly gas which will bind to hemoglobin and reduces the…

Q: Histamine is a chemical substance released in inflammatory and allergic response. The histamine H1…

A: H1 receptors which gets activated by histamine is generally present in heart, CNS (central nervous…

Q: Suppose you had to design a hypothetical drug for Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following best…

A: ANSWER;- C.)  A drug that increases the level of APP protein in the neuron. It is a very effective…

Q: When neurotransmitters contact a muscle cell's receptor proteins, those receptors change their shape…

A: Introduction: Receptors:Receptors are specialised structures that can be found in the cell membrane.…

Q: Which of the following best describes the type of receptor a beta-antagonist drugs acts on…

A: Beta-blockers are antagonists that block the receptor destinations for the endogenous catecholamines…

Q: Binding of molecules elicits a conformational change that allows the entry of _resulting in the…

A: Synapse is an area which information / instructions from one neuron is transmitted to another neuron…

Q: A GRK inhibitor would have what effect on GPCR inactivation in the presence of a GPCR agonist? (a)…

A: Agonists are substances which mimic the activity of a ligand. The activation of the GPCR triggers a…

Q: What is the mechanism of organophosphate toxicity? A. Interference with the vesicle fusion process…

A: Organophosphates are the class of organophosphorus compounds that have the general structure…

Q: Which of the following does not apply to a transmembrane receptor? a. It lacks ER signal sequence.…

A: Answer :  b. It contains one or more hydrophobic stop-transfer sequence

Q: ll except which one of the following can be a function of the heterotrimeric G protein of a GPCR?…

A: GPCRs ( G-protein coupled receptors ) are seven-transmembrane domain receptors, present on the…

Q: how the Dopamine transporter (DAT)transporter works whether it is an active or passive transporter…

A: A nerve cell consists of a dendrite which is branched extensions that help in receiving the…

Q: The single largest category of receptor type in Animal Cells is A. Enzymatic receptors B. G protein…

A: Receptors are proteins, cell surface receptors, that bind to ligands and lead to responses in the…

Q: GABA receptors play an essential role in neurotransmission in the central nervous system. In…

A: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter amino acid used by the brain to decrease brain…

Q: Signal transduction pathways benefit cells for all of the following reasons except :   a. they…

A: Signal transduction is the process by which signals or ligand molecules bind to receptor and the…

Q: Insulin is a peptide (protein) hormone. As such, which of the following would be the most likely…

A: A peptide hormone that is made up of two polypeptide chains, A and B, that are joined by disulfide…

Q: An enzyme-linked receptor (a) is a cytoplasmic protein (b) would not be found on plant cell surfaces…

A: Introduction  As multicellular organisms are made up of a lot of cells, there must be coordination…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.