Which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP hydrolysis? a. Movement of glucose molecules into a bacterial cell from a medium containing a higher concentration of glucose than inside the cell. O b. Movement of carbon dioxide out of a cell. Oc. Facilitated diffusion of chloride ions across the membrane through a chloride channel. O d. Movement of Na+ ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid.
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- If the fluid inside a cell has a 1.5% solute concentration, which of the following solution(s) would be considered HYPOTONIC? SELECT ALL THAT APPY A. A solution with 3.4% calcium phosphate concentration B. A solution with 1.4% glucose concentration C. A solution with 2.5% potassium chloride concentration D. A solution with 0.5% sodium chloride concentration\During an investigation on membrane transport, a researcher exposed bacterial cells to different concentrations of two different solutes: A and B. The rate of transport of each solute into cells isrepresented in the graphSolute ASolute BSolute ConcentrationWhich of the following best explains the greater rate of transport for solute A than for solute B at higher solute concentrations?A Solute A is being transported by simple diffusion, which does not rely on membrane proteins to control the rate of transportSolute A is being transported by active transport, which uses ATP and has higher rates of transport than passive transportSolute A is being transported by facilitated diffusion, which uses membrane proteins to increase the rate of transportRate of TransportIon transporters are “linked” together—not physi-cally, but as a consequence of their actions. For example,cells can raise their intracellular pH, when it becomes tooacidic, by exchanging external Na+ for internal H+, usinga Na+–H+ antiporter. The change in internal Na+ is thenredressed using the Na+-K+ pump.A. Can these two transporters, operating together,normalize both the H+ and the Na+ concentrations insidethe cell?B. Does the linked action of these two pumps causeimbalances in either the K+ concentration or the mem-brane potential? Why or why not?
- Among the membrane transporters, the channels require energy and therefore are involved in active transport. * D. Disagree, because channels are not proteins and therefore are not involved in active tranport. A. Agree, because channels are associated with H+-ATPase. B. Disagree, because the pumps are the ones involved in active transport. C. Agree, because channels are proteins involved in active transport.Hydrophobic molecules that dissipate osmotic gradients byinserting themselves into a membrane and forming a channelare called _____________.(a)Aquaporins and membrane channel protein in plant and animal,they permit the movement of water across the membrane.Explain why this is necessary.(b) Explain the importance of cell surface membrane to cell
- Water moves via osmosis _______. a. throughout the cytoplasm b. from an area with a high concentration of other solutes to a lower one c. from an area with a low concentration of solutes to an area with a higher one d. from an area with a low concentration of water to one of higher concentrationBoth H+ and Ca2+ are ions that move through thecytosol. Why is the movement of H+ ions so much fasterthan that of Ca2+ ions? How do you suppose the speed ofthese two ions would be affected by freezing the solution?Would you expect them to move faster or slower? Explainyour answer.Which of these transport pathways require ATP? Select all that apply. A. Sodium-potassium pump B. Glucose transporter C. Osmotic diffusion D. Calcium pump
- Imagine a hypothetical cell with a higher concentration of glucose inside the cell thanoutside. Answer the following questions about this cell, assuming all transport acrossthe membrane is passive, not active.a. Can the glucose simply diffuse across the cell membrane? Why or why not?b. If there are glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, which way wouldglucose flow- into or out of the cell? Explain your answer.c. If the concentration of glucose was equal inside and outside of the cell, do you thinkthere would be a net flow of glucose across the cell membrane in one direction orthe other? Explain your answer.Which of the following is an example of a primary active transport? a.CPT-I b.Na+/K+ pump c.proton pump d.O2 pumpThe cell membranes of mammalian red blood cells are permeableto urea. If red blood cells are dropped into a solution of urea thatis identical in osmotic pressure (isosmotic) to the cytoplasm ofthe cells, although the cells do not swell and burst as quickly aswhen they are dropped simply into pure water, they eventuallyswell and burst. Explain. Also discuss how you would designa solution into which red cells could be placed without everswelling. (Hint: Think about whether urea will stay on theoutside of the cells and the implications for osmotic pressures.)