Which of the following statements about the role of ATP in cell signalling is correct? Choose only the best answer. All of the other options are correct. ATP functions as a secondary messenger. ATP is involved in the activation of G protein-coupled receptors. ATP is involved in the activation of some proteins that serve as relay molecules.
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- A hormone molecule binds to a receptor on a cell membrane. It doesnt enter the cell; rather, the binding activates a second messenger inside the cell that triggers an amplified response to the hormonal signal. Is the signaling molecule a steroid or a nonsteroid hormone?Nitric oxide produced by the endothelial layer of blood vessels stimulates the smooth muscle layer underneath to relax, leading to widening of blood vessel lumen and subsequent decrease in blood pressure. This type of cellular communication between endothelial and smooth muscle cells is an example of what type of chemical signaling?A drug binds to a receptor and causes an immediate change in the electrical signaling or excitability of that cell, without activating another signaling molecule. What type of receptor is this drug most likely binding to? G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) Ligand-gated ion channel Enzyme-coupled receptor Intracellular receptor Voltage-gated ion channel
- A cell releases a ligand that travels through the extracellular matrix to a nearby target cell. There, the ligand binds to a receptor on the target cells membrane. This is an example of _______ signaling using a _______ ligand. paracrine ; hydrophobic paracrine ; hydrophillic endocrine ; hydrophobic endocrine ; hydrophillic autocrine ; hydrophobic autocrine ; hydrophillicA cell expresses a transmembrane protein that is cleaved at the plasma membrane to release an extracellular fragment. The fragment binds to receptor proteins on nearby cells and activates signaling pathways resulting in altered gene expression patterns in the cells. What form of intercellular signaling does this represent? Contact-dependent? Paracrine? Synaptic? Endocrine? Autocrine?Which of these is NOT a response that occurs when an intercellular chemical signal binds to a membrane-bound receptor? 1. Enzymes at the inner surface of the cell are directly activated. 2. Ion channels open or close. 3. Enzymes add phosphate groups to certain proteins in the cell. 4. The chemical signal and receptor bind to DNA in the nucleus. 5. Activated G proteins activate enzymes that produce intracellular messengers.
- Receptors often activate signaling molecules that are __________. This property helps to increase signaling efficiency of this pathway. bound to the plasma membrane floating in the cytosol locked in the endoplasmic reticulum inside the mitochondria all of the aboveWhen a signaling molecule binds to a receptor located in the cell membrane, the signal / information is carried further into the cell via the receptor. The signal / information will lead to some type of change inside in cells in response to the signal it received. What this change is depends on the type of signaling molecule that binds to the cell (but may also depend on the type of cell that the signaling molecule binds to). In some cases, the change that takes place in the cell will be rapid and take a few seconds off that the signaling molecule binds to the receptor until the change takes place (fast signaling pathway). In some cases the change will take much longer, perhaps several hours from the time the signaling molecule binds to the receptor until the change occurs in the cell (slow signaling pathway). Explain how the signal path would be be able to look when it is fast and what it could look like when it is slow.The adaptive response to DNA damage is to increase levels of the polar signaling molecule, _____, which is a produced by cleaving the precursor _____. The signaling molecule interacts with _____, which is a membrane bound receptor. The membrane receptor triggers the production of secondary messenger cAMP. The outcome is increased synthesis of protective pigments. a) β-endorphin; pheomelanin; α-MSH; b) α-MSH; POMC; MC1R c) POMC; α-MSH; melanosome d) MC1R; folate; melanosome
- A cell within organ A expresses a protein that is secreted from the cell and travels through the organism’s blood stream to a cell on a distant organ B. The protein binds to a receptor protein on the cell surface of organ B and activates an intracellular signaling pathway resulting in altered gene expression patterns in the cells. What form of intercellular signaling does this represent? Contact-dependent? Paracrine? Synaptic? Endocrine? Autocrine?Which of the following are methods of cellular signaling? Select one: a. All the answers are correct. b. Connections through fibers of the ECM from one cell to another c. Ligand binding to a receptor in the cell membrane d. Desmosomes ‘pulling’ one cell to another e. Lipid or gas ligand binding to an intracellular receptorWhich of the following utilizes receptors that are located in the cytosol? Steroid Hormone Signaling GPCR Singaling Ion channel signaling RTK Singaling