Which of the following would illustrate diseconomies of scale? The declining segment of the LRAC curve O a. O b. The rising segment of the SRAC curve. O c. The declining segment of the SRAC curve O d. The rising segment of the LRAC curve
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- What is the difference between economies of scale, constant returns to scale, and diseconomies of scale?(a) Complete the following table and draw the corresponding graphs. Capital inputs Labor inputs Total product Average product Marginal product 20 0 0 20 1 15 20 2 34 20 3 51 20 4 65 20 5 74 20 6 80 20 7 80 20 8 75 (b) What is relationship between MP and AP? Explain why MP first rises, then declines and ultimately becomes negative? (c) Whether the above phenomenon is long run or short run and why? (d) Does law of diminishing marginal returns holds in above scenario? Why and why not.Due to COVID-19 situations the oil prices fall in international market. Let’s assume that output starts at its natural level. a)What happens to the Pakistan’s economy (output and price) in the short run? Explain your answer using AS-AD graphs b)What happens to Pakistan’s economy (output and price) in the long run? Explain with using graphs
- hy does a measure of labor productivity—the output produced per worker– rise for many firms during recessions? During the boom years period of 2005through November 2007, the annual average output per worker was lower in U.S.manufacturing than during the Great Recession of 2007–2009 as well during therelatively low-demand years since then through 2013.Firms produce less output during recessions as demand for their products falls.Consequently, firms typically lay off workers during recessions. Thus, whetheroutput per worker rises or falls depends on whether output or employment fallsby more. The labor productivity pattern over the business cycle differs across in-dustries. If we know about a firm’s production process, can we predict whetheroutput produced per worker will rise or fall with each additional layoff?Both short-run and long-run average cost curves are likely to have a negative slope up toa given level of output/scale. What are the reasons behind such negative relationshipbetween average costs and output in the short and the long-run?Suppose that A Explain the reasons that might lead to an increase in A and show graphically the short and long-run impact of such a change. Make sure to clearly explain your reasoning.
- Due to COVID-19 situations the oil prices fall in international market. Let’s assume that output starts at its natural level. a. What happens to the Pakistan’s economy (output and price) in the short run? Explain your answer using AS-AD graphs. b. What happens to Pakistan’s economy (output and price) in the long run? Explain your answers using graphs.i. Explain why AS curve is vertical in the long runii. Some economists believe that AS curve is positively sloped in the short run. Explain 3 theories which justify this view.iii. Explain 4 variables which can shift the AS curve both in the long run and the short run.iv. Is there any variable which shifts AS in the short run , but not in the long run?Returns to scale in production: Do the following production functions exhibitincreasing, constant, or decreasing returns to scale in K and L? (Assume Ais some fxed positive number.)(a) Y = K1/2L1/2(b) Y = K2/3L2/3(c) Y = K1/3L1/2(d) Y = K + L(e) Y = K + K1/3L1/3 (f ) Y = K 1/3L2/3 + A (g) Y = K 1/3L2/3 − A
- Define the term “returns to scale”, how it is measured, and explain the three different states of constant returns to scale, increasing returns to scale, and decreasing returns to scale.2. Models of inventory systems frequently consider the relationships among openingstock, production quantity, demand or sales, and closing stock. For a givenproduction period j, let Sj – 1 = closing stock from the previous periodXj = production quantity in periodDj = demand in period jSj = closing stock for period jRequireda) Write the mathematical relationship or model that describes how these fourvariables are related.b) What constraint should be added to produce capacity for period j is given bycj?WW is a small automobile manufacturer. The table below shows WW’s long-run average total cost: Quantity of cars LRATC of car 1 $60,000 2 40,000 3 30,000 4 24,000 5 24,000 6 24,000 7 28,000 8 36,000 which levels of output does WW experience economies of scale? ___________ which levels of output does WW experience diseconomies of scale? ___________ which levels of output does WW experience constant returns to scale? ___________
