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- A new beneficial allele arises in a population, and it confers a moderate fitness benefit(s=0.01).A. If the mutation is partially recessive (h=0.2), what is the probability of fixation?B. If the mutation is additive (h=0.5), what is the probability of fixation?C. Explain in 1-2 sentences why the probability of fixation depends on the dominancecoefficient.The relative fitnesses of A1A1, A1A2, and A2A2 are 0.5,0.8 and 1 respectively. What is the expected result of natural selection in this selection? a.) A1 will increase and A2 will decrease. b.) A2 will increase and A1 will decrease. c. Both alleles will decrease in frequency d.) A stable equilibrium will be achieved in which both alleles are maintained e.) An unstable equilibrium will exist and the outcome depends on the allele frequencies.If a populations allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation, (a) the population is undergoing evolutionary change (b) the population is said to be at genetic equilibrium (c) microevolution has taken place (d) directional selection is occurring, but only for a few generations (e) genetic drift is a significant evolutionary force
- 1. A sample of 600 individuals from a population is examined for the presence of the HindIII polymorphism in an autsomal Sca gene. There are two alleles of Sca gene, A and a. The results are 14 individuals are AA, 212 are Aa, 374 are aa. Please answer the following questions accordingly? How many alleles are present in the gene pool in the sample population fort he Sca gene? What are the genotype frequencies? What are the frequencies of A and a alleles? What are the expected numbers of the three genotypes, assuming randomConsidering the Hardy-Weinberg theorem’s assumptions, which of the following statements is NOT correct? (Recall that there are certain assumptions that must be true in order for the Hardy-Weinberg theorem to accurately predict genotype ratios in the next generation.)a) The population must be very large so there random genetic drift will not occur.b) No natural selection can occur.c) Mating must be random.d) Individuals must migrate into and out of the population so that gene flow will occur.e) Mutations must not occur.Example: I go to a different population of fruit flies that have the same two alleles for eye-color. I suspect that the alleles occur in different frequencies in this second population. I sample 1000 flies and discover 10 that have brown eyes. What are the estimated frequencies of the "R" and "r" alleles in this population? Answer: Again, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. The term q2 = the relative frequency of homozygous recessive individuals, which corresponds to the ten brown-eyed flies I counted out of 1000 flies sampled. Thus, q2 = 10/1000 = 1/100. q = the square root of 1/100 or 0.1. Thus the frequency of "r" in this second population is 0.1 and the frequency of the "R" allele is 1 - q or 0.9. Problem 1: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disease caused by the build-up of the byproducts of metabolizing phenylalanine. It is caused by a defective, recessive allele. If a child is homozygous for this recessive allele, it will develop PKU. In the United States, PKU is detected in approximately 1 in 10,000…
- 1. If the value of linkage disequilibrium (D) is equal to -0.25, one can infer that the alleles at the two loci are a. in repulsion. b. in coupling. c. in linkage disequilibrium. d. A and C e. None of the above 1b. Artificial selection occurs when a. the extremes of a population have a better chance to survive b. humans determine which organisms will survive and reproduce c. the organisms on one extreme of the population will have a better chance to survive than those on the other extreme d. the environment controls which organisms will survive 1c. Which of the following are some of the viruses' subversive strategies in manipulating human immune system? a. down-regulation of the expression of MHC molecules b. degradation of the immune system's chemokine signals c. both a and b d. none of the above 1d. Homeotic genes a. only specify the anterior-posterior axis for each fruit fly segment b. are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods c. encode…The relative fitness values of three genotypes are wA/A =1.0, wA/a = 1.0, and wa/a = 0.7.a. If the population starts at the allele frequency p =0.5, what is the value of p in the next generation?b. What is the predicted equilibrium allele frequency ifthe rate of mutation of A to a is 2 × 10−5?A mountain region has a population of 5,000 mountain goats. You score these animals for the R locus and find that this locus has two alleles, R (dominant) and r (recessive). 3200 individuals are homozygous dominant, 1,600 are heterozygous, and 200 are homozygous recessive. a) Calculate the allele frequencies for this population. Show your work. b) Calculate the observed genotypic frequencies for this population. Show your work. c) Calculate the expected genotype frequencies if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Show your work. d) Does this population appear to be at H-W equilibrium? Why or why not? (You do not need to analyze this statistically).
- PLEASE HELP!! A. Calculate the recessive allele frequency for both original and isolated populations. ___ B. The null hypothesis was that these flies would remain at H-W equilibrium once they were isolated. The researchers ran a chi square on them using 0.05 significance. C. What is the D.F. value= ___ D. What is the Critical Value from the probability table? ___ E. Null hypothesis accepted? ____a. What effect does combining genetic drift and natural selection have on beneficial mutations? b. How would you it change if population size increasesIf the X3 allele is undergoing positive selection, what will be the likely end result? A There will be no individuals that are X3X3 B All individuals will be X1X3 or X2X3 because of the heterozygote advantage. C The variance of the trait will stay the same, but the mean value will increase. D The frequency of X3 will increase and it could potentially become fixed in the population. e The allele frequency of X1 and X2 will stay the same, but the allele frequency of X3 will increase.