Q: What is the advantage to the organization of the PDH complex?
A: ATP is the energy currency for all living cells. The citric acid cycle is a combination of 8…
Q: What is the difference between phospholipase A1 and A2?
A: The difference between the phospholipases is based on the site at which they hydrolyse…
Q: Why does it make metabolic sense for the same hormone signal to stimulate glycogenolysis and inhibit…
A: The muscles and the liver respond in distinct ways to the same hormone signal, thus participating in…
Q: What is the Source of Cyclic AMP (cAMP)?
A: Adenosine triphosphate is also known as ATP, is the molecule that plays the role in carrying the…
Q: Why do you think the speed of action for glucocorticoids is different to adrenaline and…
A: Glucocorticoids can be defined as the type of steroid hormone which belongs to the class of…
Q: Which of the following processes is required to produce human insulin in bacterial cells?
A: Answer: INSULIN = These are the protein enzymes which can be producd by artificially and produced by…
Q: Which are the two Sources of Cytosolic Ca21+?
A: Cell signaling allows cells to receive and respond to the surrounding signals. This is mediated by…
Q: What are the roles of the following signaling molecules in the glucagon pathway: a. Ligand b.…
A: ANSWER : a. Ligand: A ligand is a molecule which binds with another certain molecule by forming a…
Q: Why is cAMP a “second messenger”?
A: Signal transduction in cells is the way that a signal from an external perspective of a phone is…
Q: What proteins within a cell are phosphorylated when a positive inotropic agent activates the cAMP…
A: The nucleus of the circulatory system is the heart. The heart is exquisitely able to match cardiac…
Q: Does insulin alter glucose transport by facilitated diffusion?
A: The pancreas is an organ that is accountable for producing a peptide hormone, called “insulin”. The…
Q: Given the effects of glucagon on plasma glucose concentrations, what effect do you think…
A: For proper functioning of nervous system and all the necessary processes, there is a need to…
Q: How Is Oxaloacetate Regenerated to Complete the Cycle?
A: Initially oxaloacetate is combined with acetyl Co A to initiate the TCA cycle. The addition of these…
Q: Why is it regarded extraordinary that a monomeric hormone may attach to two identical receptor…
A: Hormone is a member of class of signaling molecules in multicellular organism, that are transported…
Q: What is the mechanism of receptor-associated hormonal disorder?
A: Any kinds of hormonal imbalance in the body due to various physiological reasons or allergic…
Q: GTPγS is a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP. Suppose this compound were added to a cell-free system…
A: Adrenergic signaling systems such as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) use GTP hydrolysis for…
Q: What are the current treatments for Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PKD) patients?
A: Pyruvate kinase deficiency is a genetic disorder in which the enzyme pyruvate kinase, which is…
Q: How is Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PKD) inherited? What gene is responsible for the expression of…
A: Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme that regulates cell metabolism by catalysing the conversion of…
Q: What types of normal cells typicallyhave insulin receptors?
A: Insulin is a hormone secreted by the beta cells present within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans.…
Q: Identify molecule (11) in this diagram which illustrates hormonal regulation (A) phosphodiesterase…
A: In the given image, we are shown a signal transduction pathway in which a hormone binds to a…
Q: Describe the relationship between AMPK and mTORC1
A: AMPK is an activated protein kinase enzyme present in the cells, and it gets activated in the…
Q: What are the effects of Diacylglycerol (DAG)?
A: Introduction: Different types of electrical signals or chemical compounds work as messengers for…
Q: describe a ketogenic diet. what are the pros and cons of such a diet. how is ketosis related to…
A: The ketogenic diet has become popular recently. This very low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet is…
Q: Explain Ca21 as a Second Messenger?
A: Introduction Calcium is a very important ion present intracellularly. It controls various processes…
Q: Which one is known as the second messenger?
A: Cell gives signal to other cell by signalling molecules. This process is referred to as cell…
Q: Why does the lack of glucose 6- phosphatase activity in the brain and muscle make good physiological…
A: Glucose is considered as an important energy source for all cells. It is required by the body in…
Q: What is the exact location of adipocytes?
A: Adipocytes are the fat cells that are present in adipose tissue. They help in storing fats.
Q: Name two second messengers of GPCRs and identify the type of GPCR each second messenger commonly…
A: Secondary messengers are kind of messengers that impact and amplify the effect of the primary…
Q: Why does TPP deficiency lead primarily to neurological disorders?
A: Thiamine or vitamin B1is a water-soluble substance that is consumed from outside sources like food…
Q: What is the role of ACTH? Explain why it is only found in amphibians and mammals?
A: Introduction Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals that are produced and released to bring out a…
Q: How does the chemical nature of lipid-soluble messengers relate to the general principle of…
A: A hormone is a chemical messenger which is secreted and which enables communication throughout the…
Q: If we use a normal sodium chloride solution instead of PBS buffer during insulin extraction ,what…
A: Insulin is a hormone that is secreted by the pancreas and helps in regulating the levels of blood…
Q: What is the product of CAMP phosphodiesterase activity?
A: Introduction: Cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are involved in most of the cellular signaling…
Q: How does GK activation lower blood glucose levels?
A: Glucokinase (GK) is an enzyme, which catalyzes the process of phosphorylation. This enzyme is…
Q: What are three metabolic alterations related to hyperglycemia that contribute to diabetic…
A: Diabetes is the condition in which the body is not able to produce enough amount of insulin hormone…
Q: can acetone sometimes be detected in the breath of patients with type 1 diabetes?
A: Type 1 diabetes occurs when blood glucose level increases because of the improper or non-functional…
Q: What is the biochemical basis of insulin resistance?
A: Insulin : It is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered…
Q: What other product is generated by phosphoglycerate kinase?
A: Phosphoglycerate kinase is a phosphoglycerate kinase enzyme. It's a transferase, like other kinases.…
Q: What is the product of cAMP phosphodiesterase activity?
A: The cAMP is a cyclic nucleotide that acts as a second messenger in biochemical signaling.…
Q: what is the difference between diabetes type 1 and 2?
A: Pancreas is leaf like organ that produces three types of cell :- A )Alpha cell B ) Beta cell C…
Q: What is the Source of Ca21?
A: Introduction: The myofibrils are made of parallel bundles of protein microfilaments called…
Q: What is the biosynthesis pathway of caffeine?
A: Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is found in more than sixty subtropical plant species. Plants for…
Q: What are the metabolic effects of not being able to produce the M subunit of phosphofructokinase?
A: Introduction: One of the most significant glycolysis regulating enzymes is phosphofructokinase-1…
Q: What is the second messenger for the insulin response?
A: The molecular pathways for insulin's signal transduction from its cell surface receptor to the…
Q: How is PKA activity regulated?
A: Protein Kinase A is involved in the metabolism of sugars and lipids. Its activity depends on the…
Why is the cellular ratio of GSH to GSSG in cytoplasm usually high?
Step by step
Solved in 4 steps
- What does CAMP phosphodiesterase activity produce?Why is there a distinction of c2c12 cells with and without insulin?Why does it make metabolic sense for the same hormone signal to stimulate glycogenolysis and inhibit glycolysis in the liver while stimulating both glycogenolysis and glycolysis in muscles?
- Why do you suppose individuals with diabetes must receive insulin subcutaneously by injection rather than orally?How does compromised pyruvate kinase activity lead to anemia?What advantage is there to having insulin-dependent glucose transporters already synthesized and prepackaged in a cell, even before it is stimulated by insulin?
- What is the ligand(signaling molecule) in a(an) insulin signaling pathway and what causes this ligand to be sent out?What is the role of ACTH? Explain why it is only found in amphibians and mammals?What aspect of β cell function ultimately fails as a result of overnutrition, causing the transition from insulin resistance to fullfledged type 2 diabetes?