X(p)=1,000,000-200,000p, where p is the price charged by the government for use of a bridge, per unit time, or the user fee. The government wants to see if the bridge is socially worthwhile. Calculate the social benefit when p=0 and when p=(5-Square root 5/2)=1.382. b. Find the price that would maximize government revenue from the bridge, pX(p). If
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- For public goods such as bus service, sewage services, power grids,water systems, roads, vaccines, education, law and order, reliableknowledge, and many others, the marginal cost of providing anamount q, MC(q), is positive but decreasing. Suppose that thedemand curve for the good is D(q), i.e. D(q) is societal willingnessto pay for the marginal unit of the public good at level q, D(q) 0and D0(q) < 0. This problem asks you to compare several methodsof deciding how much q to provide.(a) Produce using the competitive rule, p = MC(q). The solutionis denoted qcomp ∗ .(b) Produce as a Monopolist, i.e. solvemaxq≥0 qD(q) - C(q):The solution is denoted qMon ∗ .(c) Produce so as to maximize social surplus from the industry, i.e.solve the problemmaxq≥0 [CS(q) + qD(q)] - C(q);where CS(q) = R0q[D(x) - D(q)] dx is consumer surplus. Thesolution is denoted qISS ∗ .(d) Produce so as to maximize the total social surplus, i.e. solve theproblemmaxq≥0 [B(q) + CS(q) + qD(q)] - C(q);You are an industry analyst that specializes in an industry where the market inverse demand is P = 200 - 5Q. The external marginal cost of producing the product is MCExternal = 10Q, and the internal cost is MCInternal = 16Q.Instructions: Enter your responses rounded to the nearest two decimal places.a. What is the socially efficient level of output? unitsb. Given these costs and market demand, how much output would a competitive industry produce? unitsc. Given these costs and market demand, how much output would a monopolist produce? unitsd. Which of the following are actions the government could take to induce firms in this industry to produce the socially efficient level of output.Instructions: In order to receive full credit, you must make a selection for each option. For correct answer(s), click the box once to place a check mark. For incorrect answer(s), click twice to empty the box. Pollution taxesunanswered Pollution permitsunanswered Nonrival consumptionunansweredConsider the market for trees in a public park. These trees are a public good that give benefits to multiple groups of people, as described below. Each Marginal Willingness to Pay curve represents the aggregation of all the individuals in that group, and those groups make decisions collectively. Additionally, the cost of planting trees is given. Consider Q to be the number of trees in the park. Note that no one is ever worse off from additional trees. Arborists: MWTP = 2000 – 5Q Total WTP = 2000Q - 2.5Q2 Environmentalists: MWTP = 1500 – 10Q Total WTP = 1500Q – 5Q2 Casual Park Visitors: MWTP = 800 – 10Q Total WTP = 800Q – 5Q2 Park Haters: MWTP = 500 – 50Q Total WTP = 500Q – 25Q2 MC = 1400 Total Cost = 1400Q (a) If the government does not intervene into the market, how many trees will be planted? (b) What is the socially…
- Consider Product NE, which has a negative externality associated with its’ production and use ( i.e., the “Incidental Cost” of each unit of Product NE is greater than zero). You are told that : * The “Efficient” Output of Product NE = 100 units * The Free-Market Equilibrium Output of Product NE = 125 units * The Total Surplus ( to society) on Unit Number 50 ( i.e., on that one unit ALONE) is equal to $ 45 * The Cumulative Surplus on the first 100 units produced is equal to $ 6,000 ( i.e., the sum of the surplus( to society) on ALL 100 units adds up to $ 6,000) Is the Consumer’s Surplus + Producer’s Surplus on Unit Number 50 ( i.e., the sum of CS + PS) greater than $ 45, less than $ 45, or exactly equal to $ 45 ( just circle your answer) ? Greater than $ 45 Less Than $ 45 Exactly $ 45 *Draw a graph to…Suppose a government-provided good/service; specifically, an interstate highway, is a congestible public good. A toll on the highway with a user charge (p>$0) would be allocatively ineffioient. true or falseassume that there are 1000 residents of a town, each of whose marginal benefit (willingness to pay) for having x miles of roads is P = 100 - 5x. Roads are built competitively at a marginal cost of MC = 2000 per mile. Roads are a public good. What is the efficient level of roadway construction? It is closest to? If residents decide on road building independently, how many miles of roadway will be built? It is closest to:
- Suppose a power generating plant emits particulates that damage crops and affect human health. The relationship between emissions and environmental damage is represented by the marginal damage function, MD=9e where e represents tons of emissions per month. The cost to the firm (and society) of eliminating emissions is represented the marginal abatement cost function, MAC=108.5 - 6.5e Both MD and MAC are dollar costs per month. If the power generating firm were allowed to ignore the social cost of its emissions, what would be the firm’s monthly emission level? Calculate the socially efficient level of pollution. If the emissions calculated in part B is a level found to shorten some people’s lives, could it still be considered socially efficient? Suppose the EPA set an emission standard at the socially efficient level calculated in part B. Calculate the cost to the firm of achieving this standard. Suppose that instead of a standard, the EPA charged an emissions tax. The tax is set at…A polluting firm’s marginal abatement cost is MACi = 50 – 0.25ei . If a regulator imposes a per-unit emissions tax of t = 10, what level of emissions does the firm choose under the tax? A polluting firm’s marginal abatement cost is MACi = 50 – 0.25ei . If a regulator imposes a per-unit emissions tax of t = 10, how many units did the firm abate relative to the unregulated environment?Attached is the marginal abatement costs of three firms, related to the quantity of emissions. Each firm is now emitting 10 tons per week, so total emissions are 30 tons per week. Suppose we wish to reduce emissions by 50 percent, to 15 tons per week. Compare the total cost of doing this: (a) with an equi-proportionate decrease in emissions (b) with a decrease that meets the equi-marginal principle.
- Suppose the private marginal cost of producing steel were constant at $45/ton and the marginal damage were increasing MD=2Q, where Q = tons of steel produced. The social marginal cost of the 100th ton is thereforeThe production of plastic creates pollution, which, in sufficient quantities, can harm people's health. Assume that the plastic industry is perfectly competitive. We know that the industry will produce more output than is socially optimal, since firms do not bear the costs of pollution (that is, pollution is a negative externality). Without government intervention, the market output will be 50 million units at a price of $10, where $10 is the minimum AC of firms in the industry. This cost is the long-run marginal private cost (MPC) of making plastic. The marginal social cost (MISC) of plastic is $15 at this level of output; the MSC includes the external social cost of pollution. Since MSC exceeds price, output is too high. The socially optimal output is 30 million units at a price of $13. This output can be attained by levying an excise tax of $3 on each unit of plastic. Assume that the demand and marginal social cost (MSC) curves are linear, as shown in the graph below. (a) Calculate…The production of plastic creates pollution, which, in sufficient quantities, can harm people’s health. Assume that the plastic industry is perfectly competitive. We know that the industry will produce more output than is socially optimal, since firms do not bear the costs of pollution (that is, pollution is a negative externality). Without government intervention, the market output will be 50 million units at a price of $10, where $10 is the minimum AC of firms in the industry. This cost is the long-run marginal private cost (MPC) of making plastic. The marginal social cost (MSC) of plastic is $15 at this level of output; the MSC includes the external social cost of pollution. Since MSC exceeds price, output is too high. The socially optimal output is 30 million units at a price of $13. This output can be attained by levying an excise tax of $3 on each unit of plastic. Assume that the demand and marginal social cost (MSC) curves are linear, as shown in the graph below. (a) Calculate…