You are a scientist designing an mRNA vaccine.You must come up with the type of lipid vesicle (liposome) that will be used for delivery into cells in your human patients. Name two types of lipids you would use in this vaccine liposome and why.
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You are a scientist designing an mRNA vaccine.You must come up with the type of lipid vesicle (liposome) that will be used for delivery into cells in your human patients. Name two types of lipids you would use in this vaccine liposome and why.
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- An American biochemist Erwin Chargaff discovered that in the cells of all organisms he studied, the amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of cytosine is always equal to the amount of guanine. Explain his findings.The following figure shows the 3D structure of a tubulin dimer. A mutation in the beta tubulin subunit (shown in red) prevents the binding of a GTP molecule. Predict the consequences that this mutation will have on the microtubule and on cell division. Please be specific. Alpha tubulin Beta tubulinRibosomes in the cytoplasm (cytosol) capture mRNA that can be translated into an enzyme (in this case a protease) to the lysosome. a) Describe what happens from the time the enzyme (protease) begins to form in the cytoplasm until it end up in the lysosome and explain how the enzyme is transported to the lysosome.
- A geneticist conducts the experiment outlined in Figure 15.8, but this time she combines guanine nucleotides (instead of uracil) with polynucleotide phosphorylase. Radioactively labeled protein should appear in which tube?The following diagram represents one of the Christmas-tree-like structures shown in Figure On the diagram, identify parts a through i. Q. Molecules of RNA polymerase (use dots to represent these molecules)Table 8.2: Transcription and translation of the first 7 codons in the B-globin chain of hemoglobin. Normal Sequence Mutated Sequence DNA DNA amino acid DNA DNA amino Codon MRNA Codon MRNA coding template strand coding template strand strand acid code code strand sequence sequence G 1 1 G G C 2 A 2 A 3 G G A A 4 4 C G A G G G G 7 A 7 A G G Shape of RBC Shape of RBC 23 3.
- Protein synthesis occurs in all living cells. Why, then, are some antimicrobial drugs that target protein synthesis selectively toxic to bacteria? The protein synthesis in human cells will only occur inside the nucleus. The ribosomes found in human cells and those found in bacterial cells have different structures. Protein synthesis in bacteria is completed by ribosomes, while protein synthesis in humans is completed by polymerase enzymes. The protein synthesis in human cells occurs less frequently than that in bacterial cells.Ribosomes in the cytoplasm capture mRNA that can be translated into an enzyme for the lysosome. a) Explain what happens from the time the enzyme begins to form in the cytoplasm until it ends up in the lysosome and also explains how the enzyme is transported to the lysosome?Match the listed possible protein functions to the example of that function from the list. Structural support Enzymes Defense Communication Transport I. The movement of cations across the cell membrane is carefully controlled through gated channels to ensure osmotic balance. II. Lysozyme is found in tears and saliva where it acts as an antimicrobial enzyme. III. RNA polymerase converts individual nucleotides into mRNA from the DNA template in the nucleus. IV. Growth hormone is a peptide secreted from the brain that can bind to receptors in the body to stimulate cellular growth. V. Keratin is an aggregate protein found in the hooves of rumnant animals as hard protective coveres at the ends of limbs. VI. None of
- You are treating a patient suffering with wound botulism in which Clostridium botulinum grows in a wound and makes a protein exotoxin, botulinum toxin. In addition to surgery to clean the wound and providing botulinum antitoxin, you wish to give the patient antibiotics to stop the protein toxin synthesis immediately. Which of the following antibiotics would you NOT give your patient if you wished to immediately stop bacterial translation? (best answer) O macrolides, e.g. erythromycin O trimethoprim plus sulfa drugs e.g. sulfamethoxazole O chloroamphenicol tetracylines aminoglycosides e.g. gentamicinThe answer given in problem 31. 17 is inadequate for me, and I simply don't understand the explanation for the answer... The problem is: Ribosoms were isolated from bacteria grown in a "heavy" medium (13C and 15N) and from bacteria grown in "light" medium (12C and 14N). These 70S ribosoms were added to an in vitro system engaged in protein synthesis. An aliquot removal serveral hours later was analyzed by density-gradient centrifugation. How many bands of 70S ribosoms would you expect to see in the density gradient? Is it possible to give a more comprehensive explanation? :)If you think about polymerization like a chemical reaction at equilibrium, how would the concentration of tubulin heterodimers influence the likelihood of microtubule growth versus shrinkage? Select all that apply. Once a monomer is added to a microtubule, its loss from the microtubule is favorable when the monomer concentration is below the critical concentration. Once a monomer is added to a microtubule, its loss from the microtubule is highly unfavorable under most circumstances. Once a monomer is added to a microtubule, its loss from the microtubule depends on the monomer concentration. Once a monomer is added to a microtubule, its loss is highly favorable under most circumstances. Submit Request Answer O O