Abdul Hamid II

matter of international interest” (St. John). In the late 1800s, after “passionate expression of Armenian national identity,” the caliphate retaliated by enforcing taxation, attacks, and discrimination – both ethnic and religious (St. John). Sultan Abdul Hamid II – an ethnic Turk – was angered at the “Armenian campaign to win basic civil rights” and their fight for nationalism, so from 1894 to 1896, a “state-sanctioned pogrom” was administered, in which hundreds of thousands of Armenians were eliminated

Genocide has been classified by the United Nations as: Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring

eighteen hundreds the Ottoman Empire was in a serious decline. Greeks, Serbs and Romanians had achieved their independence, while the Armenians and Arabs remained stuck in the bankrupt empire, that was now under the rule of the autocratic Sultan Abdul Hamid II (“United Human Rights Council”). Armenians were not treated equally and had to deal with certain type of treatments and hardships (“Armenian Genocide”). Armenians began to press for political forms for the right to vote and to end the discriminatory

acts against the Armenian people were meant to sabotage the growing sense of Armenian nationalism by intimidating the Armenian people with severe consequences for disputes. The massacres of 1894 to 1896, carried out under the control of Sultan Abdul-Hamid II, witnessed the killing of Armenian people in broad daylight in front of the general public. The public killings were meant to send

As Zionism began to propagate, harsher criticism grew within Europe. Despite this, Herzl did not lose sight of his seemingly far-fetched goal of obtaining a national state for the Jews. Herzl did not only promote Zionism at the congresses, rather he unrelentingly fought for a Jewish State by convincing world leaders of his attainable vision. Herzl sought international legitimacy and met with global leaders and promoted Zionism on a global scale. Herzl’s book, The Jewish State, faced mixed reactions

over a huge period of time spanning centuries. At its apogee, the Ottoman Empire was known for its immense wealth and military might, as well as a high level of governmental organization. After the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Sultan Mehmet II, the Ottoman monarchs set about creating a state that was unmatched not only in power but also in efficiency and technology. The use of gunpowder by the Ottoman armies in the 15th and 16th centuries placed them in a completely different and more advanced

The Armenian Genocide was the systematic killing where over one and a half million Armenians were killed in the hands of the Ottoman Empire. The primary cause of the genocide was the Committee of Union and Progress, specifically Talaat Pasha, Enver Pasha, and Djemal Pasha, due to their trans-nationalistic ideas of a nation for only the Turks. Armenians have been living in Turkey for thousands of years, even before the establishment of the Sultanate of Rum, the first Turkish establishment in the

that the kings of several European nations were also first-cousin relations. However, this intermarriage of blood alliances and diplomatic pacts did not seem to be able to stop the most deadly war the world had ever seen. Lead by emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany had rapidly modernized and militarized on the way to global prominence. Many other European nations had also followed in their footsteps by upgrading their respective armies and navies. However, Germany

During the 19th century the Middle East found themselves with a problem of establishing an identity or nationalism. Through defensive developmentalism the Middle East had sought to counter the imperialistic approach of the West, yet still begin to modernize their land. The world was developing rapidly and the Middle East wanted to ensure that they did not fall behind. However, the approach backfired and the Middle East found themselves struggling to establish their own modern identity and falling

The Armenian Genocide was genocide in Armenia that last from April 24, 1915 until 1922. By the end of the genocide about 1.5 million Armenians were either deported or massacred in the Ottoman Empire. The methods of execution were varied and they were brutal also. Some of them include crucifixion, hanging, and marches. These marches would usually consist of those victims being forced to walk through the desert and they would usually die of starvation and dehydration. Officials would torment young