Blood plasma

activities of the enzymes AST, ALT, and ALP (used as serum marker enzymes), which are found in high concentrations in the cytoplasm of liver cells. In hepatic injury, the lysosomal instability due to CCl4 leads to leakage of these marker enzymes into the blood stream, (Celik, et al., 2009). Serum bilirubin is one of the most sensitive tests employed in the diagnosis of hepatic diseases. It provides useful information about how well the liver is functioning. Bilirubin, a chemical breakdown product of hemoglobin

The case is taking place in Las Vegas, United States of America. One morning, Tony Braun was found dead by the gardener of the house. The case has an appearance of a complete suicide. The body of Tony Braun is found in the living room in a laying position next to the couches. At the first look, there is no signs of any struggle or any other signs that could suggest murder. Investigators found a Xanax box, a prescription drug that is mainly used for anxiety disorders, laying near the body. There are

system apply concepts in physics as the blood circulates through the entire system? The circulatory system’s main objective is to transport blood throughout all the necessary parts of the body. The blood in effect transports nutrients and oxygen to these body parts and wastes away from these body parts to the organs that excrete them out of the body. The heart is the nerve centre of the circulatory system. This is so as it is this organ that pumps the blood that carries both the nutrients and wastes

• Liver function: • The liver is a large, meaty organ that sits on the right side of the belly. • The liver is the main site of metabolism for drugs and other exogenous compounds. • It regulates the composition of blood, including the amounts of sugar, protein, fat , and nutrients. • Hepatotoxicity: • Damage or injury to the liver caused by a drug, chemical or other agent. Symptoms vary depending on the degree of exposure and hence extent of the liver damage or injury. Mild liver damage may cause

(SAM) axis and the hypothalamic pituitary (HPA) axis leading to an increase in HR and BP (Boutcher and Stocker, 1996) (Schwartz et al.) (Charles et al., 2000); (Kelsey et al., 2004); Steptoe & Vogele, 1991). In response to activation of the SAM axis, plasma levels of the catecholamines epinephrine, and norepinephrine are elevated, whereas increased HPA activity causes increases in adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels (Burleson et al., 1998; Burleson et al., 2003). In addition, inflammatory

As an organism increases in its size the surface region to volume ratio decreases over a pobtainable eriod of time. This implies that the living being has a moderately less surface area which allows substances to diffuse through the organism, so the rate of diffusion might not be as fast to meet the prerequisites of a living being. Large multicellular organisms for that reason cannot definitely depend on the diffusion process alone in order for it to source their cells with such substances for example

the bleeding. That fails, so you walk to the bathroom sink, turn the cold-water knob, and place the blood-smeared finger under cool running water. Finally, that does the trick. Slap a Band-Aid on it and you’re good to go, doing whatever you were doing before. This time, imagine the dripping of blood doesn’t stop. That horror is what hemophiliacs have to be cautious of. Hemophilia is a rare blood disease that interferes with the body’s ability to create protein-clotting factors, which is a special

In a study conducted 25 years ago, Hoffman et al determined the neuroprotective effects of Dex in animals with different insults to the brain has been reported in a study which showed that this drug decreases centeral symphathetic activity , and thus attenuating anesthetic demands on neurological and histopathological outcome after incomplete cerebral ischemia in rats. [1]. It was demonstrated that brain ischemia improved neurological and histopathological outcome after incomplete ischemia in rats

bit about the physiology of the heart. The heart is divided into four chambers: two atria on top and two ventricles on the bottom. The atrium and ventricles are separated by valves and the septum separates the right and left sides of the heart.3 Blood returns to the heart from the body through the veins, enters the right atrium and then flows to the

kidneys include the regulation of blood pressure and the manufacturing of red blood cells. As critical care nurses, why should we be concerned about acute kidney injury (AKI)? How about a few statistics to help you answer this question. Approximately 5 % of all hospitalized patients will develop AKI during their hospital stay (Yaklin, 2011). For