Bourgeois

that citizens of society were becoming unhappy. The lower class, without the claim of religion, was no longer content to stay within their class. It was nearly impossible for one to move classes, and this want for the proletarians to be like the bourgeois did help to spark the flame of revolution. Therefore, with a document like this, the ‘equal for all’ ideology of communism would replace the identity of religion because it would soothe the anger of the lower class. It would also work to bring

a different theme – that of Schopenhauer’s au-déla, which he portrayed through imagining the French colony of Tahiti prior to its colonisation. Both artists were influenced by Japanese prints, partly because they represented an opposition to the bourgeois civilisation of late nineteenth century society ‘at a time when established values seemed insufficient

treatment lasted only a couple of years—she herself spent nearly thirteen years, between 1882 and 1895, actively attempting to reconstruct herself. The aim of this reconstruction was to grow not only from her illness but also from her previous life as a bourgeois homemaker, from the healthy aspects of her grief for her father, and (perhaps most notably) from her immense emotional reliance on Breuer himself. In fact, far more effectively than when working with Breuer, Pappenheim’s own agency and motivation

Adam Smith and Karl Marx Modern political economic theory and philosophy can be greatly attributed to the works of two men who seemingly held polar opposite views on the subject. Adam Smith, a Scottish philosopher, published his most well known work An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776 and is most often associated with the ideas and principles of the political economic system known as Capitalism. At the other end of the spectrum is Karl Marx; the German philosopher

Many contemporary political ideas concerning Liberalism have arisen from theories written by Benjamin Constant, a Swiss-French political activist. The central principles of Liberalism are rights and popular sovereignty. Constant’s defense of individual rights are very much tied up with the idea of limiting state power. His work reveals a subtle suspicion of governmental power and a slight anxiety over the risks of giving power to those who may not have societal interest at heart. The critique of

Throughout Cultural Perspectives, many influential texts have been read, analyzed, and discussed. One text, Life in the Iron Mills by Rebecca Harding Davis, integrates the thoughts of quite a few authors that have been discussed this semester. Through employing a Marxist view of history—there are always the “haves” and the “have-nots”—one can see that Life in the Iron Mills exemplifies the struggles that face many “have-not” citizens throughout history. One can then see the clear connections to

Virtues and Vices of Decadent Art: Which is more prominent? Introduction The “Decadent Art” era is marked with the art and literature works which according to the decadent artists are considered beyond any moral or ethical obligations to the society and explore the realism of the society. According to the decadent artists such as Oscar Wilde, Joris-Karl Huysman’s, and others, the decadent art was necessary to dazzle the masses and awaken them and show them the reality of their life and their

all-pervasive unity devoid of conflicts” (Howard and King 21). Yet, this is Marx’s idea for the long-run. The first step towards this world is socialism, which is essentially diluted-communism. Socialism is a society, which, rather than relying on the bourgeois to ignore their self-interest and pay their workers more than necessary, utilizes government to care for the working class. This ensures that people are able to self-determinate and exercise the freedom that Marx sees as the essence of

To understand sex work it is first essential to define it, the World Health Organisation defines sex work as “the provision of sexual services for money or goods. Sex workers are women, men and transgendered people who receive money or goods in exchange for sexual services, and who consciously define those activities as income generating even if they do not consider sex work as their occupation.” This notion of sex work suggests that it is a job, sex and sex work are deemed to be commodities under

Karl Marx was a philosopher of the 19th century, known for his economic, political, and sociological theories and his work, along with Engels, in the Communist Manifesto, which critiques capitalism. According to Marx, “society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other,” (Communist Manifesto) talking about the bourgeoisie, the upper class also referred to as “capitalist,” and the proletariat, the lower class. The bourgeoisie