Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor

pardon that was believed to buy you way into heaven. Martin Luther didn’t believe that it was right to be selling people's forgiveness from God. His questioning led him to write his 95 theses, which was based off a passage he found in the bible in Romans 1:17. The 95 theses were a list of questions and statements that were attacking the pardon-merchants. He wrote the 95 theses and nailed them to the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The theses were copied and spread throughout Germany

understood as holy wars between different types of religious believes that were fought between the Church and Islam. What the term actually means is “to bear a cross” . This was an effect from the Europeans from the west causing wars between Islam in the Middle East because their religion were different and fighting for the Holy Land. The Crusades caused an enormous amount of bloodshed for the purpose of different societies having different religious believes fighting for Jerusalem which was the holy land

Seljuk Turks as a threat, and in 1071, met them at the Battle of Manzikert in Asia Minor. The Byzantines were slaughtered and it would not be long until the Seljuk Turks closed in on Constantinople. Byzantium's only hope rested on the shoulders of Emperor Alexius I Comnenus who quickly raised a mercenary army to help protect Byzantium.

Early humanists Francesco Petrarch—the father of humanism Wrote personal letters to Cicero, Livy, Virgil, and Horace Wrote a Latin Epic poem, Africa, a tribute to a Roman general, and biographies of famous Roman men Sonnets to Laura remains his most famous work Classical and Christian values coexist in his works b. Dante Alighieri Wrote Vita Nuova and Divine Comedy which were far less secular than Petrarch’s works c. Giovanni

King Henry VIII is an example of a renaissance leader as he was educated and skilled in the arts, military and was knowledgeable in religious matters. He desired a legacy that would last long after his death and he would do anything to achieve this feat. However, the name of King Henry VIII has come to be associated with infamy, lust and tyranny. Therefore, King Henry VIII is one of the most famous and infamous leaders in English history as he did succeed in establishing himself a legacy but a negative

the most dominate feature of the city’s skyline. This castle was originally built for troop protection for the Imperial army of the Holy Roman Empire. It was very small, but over a period of more than 900 years, it was transformed in many different ways. This fortress became the city’s most important defense when Archbishop Gebhard had a conflict with Emperor Henry IV and was influenced to expand the castle in case of invasion. The expansion continued gradually for the next few centuries, then in

The Reformation was a political, cultural, and religious reform of the Catholic Church and of religious beliefs. People started to question if churches were corrupt. The power and wealth churches had due to indulgences, taxes, and the secular power of Popes were all called into question as well as how the Church interpreted the Bible. New humanistic and secularist beliefs were emerging in addition to new thoughts on how to be a good Christian. The Reformation brought about new denominations of Christianity

of Hammurabi, though most of western law comes from Ancient Rome. In 451 BC the Roman Republic issued the Law of the Twelve Tables that constituted the basis of Roman law. Theft and assault were crimes committed against individual and required the victim to prosecute the offender before the appropriate magistrates and an assembly of the citizens. Additions were made over time, new courts were developed during the roman empire and a degree of uniformity was consequently imposed over much of Europe

Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572 (where almost 30,000 French Protestants were killed across France in targeted assassinations and mob beatings). Eventually the wars would culminate with the Edict of Nantes in 1598, a treaty issued and signed by King Henry IV of France, who had converted from Protestantism to Catholicism and called for general tolerance. England, too, experienced political upheaval. When King Edward VII died in 1553, Protestant ministers sought to prevent his Catholic sister Mary I from

controversial role during these tumultuous times. The church was a universal, all encompassing institution, with the Roman Catholic Church permeating every aspect of societal life. The Bible was the main source of educational activity and most people sought to devote their life to serving the church. Some of the most common terms that were used and propagated by the church were mass, sacraments and Holy Communion, terms that the modern day church still relates with. The church in the middle ages was so powerful