Humoral immunity

when a B-cell encounters a pathogen it triggers the humoral immune response where they secret antibodies that are made specifically for that antigen. B lymphocytes are activated in the lymph nodes. CD4 cells that become helper T cells help to activate B cells (Marieb & Hoehn, 2016), with the help of IL4 and MHC II proteins. They transform into plasma cells that make antibodies that bind to antigens. Humoral immunity is found in the red bone marrow and its primary targets are pathogens

killer cells, inflammation, and antimicrobial proteins. In many cases these first two layers of innate defense are enough to ward off infection. The third line of defense is much more specific and is categorized as an adaptive defense or the body’s immunity to a specific pathogen. This immune response requires the body

lines of defense against microbial pathogens according to Bauman. The first two are termed innate immunity, they are quick acting and treat all invaders the same. The third line of defense is called the adaptive immunity, is slower acting and are more specific in the treatment of the invaders. This can easily be equated with the game of basketball; whereas if zone defense is the same as innate immunity, when the team plays zone defense the team can quickly react to the offenses play and they treat

The immune system is responsible for protecting us from external pathogenic attack. Humans are born with an innate immune system where the white blood cells help to fight against disease causing agents. Overtime they acquire adaptive immunity. A genetic condition where mutation disrupts the innate immune system is known as Severe combined immune deficiency. It is a X-linked primary genetically inherited condition where the newborn child has a non working immune system and is susceptible to all diseases

interplay between the two. The innate immune system comprises physical barriers, cellular components and humoral responses that can be activated in the early phase of infection upon interaction with foreign antigens as immediate response against them and further helps to shape adaptive immune response on the basis of the nature of stimulant by activating the components of the adaptive immunity. The vertebrate innate immune system relies on pattern recognition receptors

Hypopigmentation is also a depigmentation of the skin, but it can be associated with immunotherapeutic agent treatments. Vitiligo and Melanoma Associated Hypopigmentation are both leukodermas. They also seem to link to MM which is Malignant Melanoma. Humoral and cellular autoimmunity play a huge role in the appearance of vitiligo. Studies have found that are some major key things that play into this disease developing such as oxidative stress damage, autotoxicity, and neurohumoral

within the body. The immune system is sub-divided into two parts: innate (non-specific) immunity and acquired (specific) immunity. Innate immunity refers to the defence mechanisms that are already available prior to the exposure of a pathogen. Therefore, once the body is exposed to a pathogen, the innate immune system can respond swiftly and attack the microorganism, preventing damage to the body. Innate immunity includes: the skin, stomach acid and mucus membranes. If the pathogen still manages to

mucosal immunity. MALT, which is almost fully independent from our systemic immunity, is further divided into the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) and the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT). Within these tissues are B-cell zones, T-cell zones, and subepithelial regions where APCs initiate adaptive immune responses both locally and distally in mesenteric lymph nodes. The B-cell regions contain high concentrations of secretory IgA antibodies, which largely regulate the humoral immune

Objectives: Short term objectives: To study the association between the gut microbiota and brain functions in response to the stress reactivity at different stages of early life. This research will also help to link the brain structures involved in stress reactivity. This research will help to understand, how the diversity and distribution of these prominent phyla contribute to health and disease. Long term objective: We plan to expand this research to a broader aspect to study the gut-brain axis

distinguishes between what the normal cell in the body and pathogens to fights infections, and develops immunity (LaPensee, 2008). In addition, the immune system is divided into innate immunity and acquired immunity, which they interact with each other to cause immune response in the human body to protect it from infections such as bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Not to mention, innate immunity is the first line of defense that has different component to protect the body such as, mechanical (coughing