IGE

Asthma is a chronic airway disorder marked by inflammation. The inflammation affects multiple structures involved in the respiratory system of the body. These structures include the trachea, the bronchi, and the bronchioles. Bronchoconstriction is the main response that occurs during an asthma attack. The bronchoconstriction can be attributed to many different factors including edema, an excessive amount of mucus, muscle damage and bronchospasms. Bronchospasms are “… sharp contractions of bronchial

environment susceptibilities for individuals suffering from asthma. Individuals who suffer from asthma are often genetically predisposed to produce IgE in response to environment allergen exposures contributing to the inflammatory response and clinical symptoms of asthma (Arshad, Karmaus, Zhang, & Holloway, 2017). Individuals with family history, an increased level of IgE and positive skin allergies are also predisposed to the risk of asthma (Alhassan et al., 2016). While progress has been made to identify

administered rather than a food ingested in the previous hours. Patients should be advised that, in case of a significant reaction, they may need to remain under observation for several hours after resolution of symptoms. In an OFC to diagnose immediate, IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity, the total challenge dose is administered in

he advent of transgenic reporter mice coupled with new imaging modalities have identified a plethora of novel immune cell behaviour. These studies have highlighted the intimate relationship between immune cell dynamics and function. Although, a large number of methodologies can be utilised for visualisation of immune cells in tissues, intravital imaging permits visualisation of immune cells in real time at a single cell resolution in living tissues. Since its introduction in 2002, intravital imaging

Asthma is a common respiratory disease that affects the bronchioles airway. In other words, it is characterized by the airway inflammation and the constriction of airway. Basically, asthma can be classified into two categories which are extrinsic asthma and intrinsic asthma. Extrinsic asthma can be categorized as allergic asthma that caused by exposure to the antigen such as dust miles and pollen. Intrinsic asthma is a non-allergic asthma which usually caused by in contact with chemicals substances

dermatitis (AD) is a pruritic disease of unknown origin that usually starts in early infancy; it is characterized by pruritus, eczematous lesions, xerosis, and lichenification. Atopic dermatitis may be associated with other atopic (immunoglobulin E [IgE]) diseases as asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria and acute allergic reactions to foods (Jansen et al., 1973). Atopic dermatitis affects 15-30% of children and 2-10% of adults (Williams et al., 1995). Atopic dermatitis is a complex multifactorial

Allergies can affect the body in many ways by having a direct effect on the target organ such as the respiratory system, gastrointestinal system or skin. Allergies also can frequently cause headaches, fatigue and irritability. Allergies are caused by the immune system confusing natural proteins for a harmful invader. Most people hear of allergies and think of common symptoms such as runny noses and sneezing. However, allergies affect the entire body and may manifest differently in each individual

macrophages, and eosinophils) to infiltrate the nasal lining. The inflammatory cells, mainly the T cell (T helper) release cytokines (such as interleukin (IL), IL-3, IL-4, and IL-5) that stimulate production of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies by plasma cells. The IgE then binds to specific receptors on the surface of mast cells. These cells in turn become activated and they generate

cells are activated due to allergen exposure and are responsible for releasing a number of interleukins including IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-13, 1L-17, and IL-22 (Holgate, 2011). IL-4 stimulates B-cells, cause proliferation and production of antigen-specific IgE. IL-5 initiates eosinophils, which contribute to increased bronchial hyper responsiveness and epithelial tissue injury and airway scarring. IL-8 activates neutrophils that add to response of inflammatory mediators released by mast cells, is increased

1.0 Introduction Asthma is marked by recurrent episodes of airway obstruction, which reverses either spontaneously or once the individual receives medication and the condition is usually associated with bronchial hyper responsiveness together with chronic airway inflammation. Most asthma cases are mild and are easily diagnosed and treated by family general practitioners (GPs). However, severe asthma cases are more difficult to treat. The disease can start at any age but in most cases first symptoms