Least significant bit

1.1 Overview In recent years, the applications about multimedia have been developed rapidly. Digital media brings about conveniences to the people, because it is easy to be processed. At the same time, it enables the illegal attackers to attack the works. For the protection of data there has been growing interest in developing effective techniques to discourage the unauthorized duplication of digital data. Digital watermarking is the process of embedding information into a digital signal in a way

These methods hide messages in significant areas of the cover-image, which make them more robust to attack and difficult to detect. Transformations can be applied over the entire image, to block through out the image, or other variants. Another common approach is to distinguish based on

on the toolbar and then choose Programmer. To enter a binary number, first click the Bin radio button. Then, enter all the binary bits by clicking the 0 and 1 buttons. To convert the binary number in the display into decimal, click the Dec radio button. Weights 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 Bits 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 Adding the weights whose bits are 1: 128+32+8+4+1= 173 Task 3: Convert Decimal Number into Hexadecimal Procedure 1. Convert the decimal

1.1 Steganography and its introduction Steganography comes from the Greek word “Steganographia” (στεγανό-ς, γραφ-ειν) which means “covered writing”. It is the art and science of concealing a secret information within a cover media preventing unauthorized people to know that something is hidden in it, so that the message can only be detected by its intended recipient. Cryptography and Steganography are ways of secure data transfer over the Internet 1.1.1 Cryptography and Steganography Cryptography

a few parameters. LSB matching revisited (LSBMR)[4] considers a pair of pixels as an embedding component, in which the LSB of the first pixel embeds one bit of secret message, and the relationship (odd–even combination) of the two pixel values carries another bit of secret message.The modification rate of pixels can decrease from 0.5 to 0.375 bits/pixel (bpp) in the case of a maximum embedding rate, meaning lesser changes to the cover image at the same payload compared to LSB replacement and LSB matching

multiplication. It literally means “Vertically and Crosswise”. It is based on a novel concept through which the generation of all partial products can be done with the concurrent addition of these partial products. The algorithm can be generalized for n x n bit number. Since the partial products and their sums are calculated in parallel, the multiplier is independent of the clock frequency of the processor. Due to its regular structure, it can be easily layout in microprocessors and designers can easily circumvent

1. Introduction The aim of this report is to investigate where and how anti-forensic tools work as well as looking at the challenges forensic investigators are faced when such tools are used. After anti-forensic tools are used certain artefacts will be left behind, this report will also cover the procedures and difficulties when trying to uncover these artefacts as well as the tools used to find them. Anti-Forensic (AF) techniques are the actions which are aimed to prevent forensic investigators

the literature, but this chapter provides a detailed study of block cipher as applied to images, since JPEG2000 generates various subband sizes as blocks. In the first section, we briefly define various encryption components like wavelet transform, bit plane decomposition, XOR operation, artificial neural network, seed key generator and chaotic map functions, for interest of the reader. Later in section 2, we present literature review of various encryption techniques from two perspectives: applications

message into the cover work. This is most commonly performed using a method known as LSB embedding, which I will explain in detail. LSB embedding involves taking the gray scale values of certain pixels, and making sure the LSB, or least significant bit is set to the bit value needed. If we have a gray scale value of 51, or 00110011, and we need to have a 0 embedded at this pixel value, the application will simply change the gray scale value to 50, or 00110010. If the grey scale value already ended

project is designed to make the FPGA as a Calculator that receives two four bit binary numbers and do four different operations on those two numbers. The four operations are addition, subtraction, division, and XOR (bit wise operation). The project is designed with top model and sub modules. Moreover, when the user enters the two inputs in binary the result will display in decimal except for the last operation which is the bit wise (XOR) that should be displayed in binary. The only challenge part that