Phospholipid

Phospholipids Phospholipids are created by two fatty acids with a phosphate group, they are classed as fats and they are made up of lipids. The fatty acids in the phospholipid are hydrophobic and the phosphate head is hydrophilic and it is outwards and the tail is inwards, this causes to create the cell membrane. Triglycerides Triglycerides contain three fatty acids and glycerol molecule, whereas phospholipids have two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Triglycerides stop the loss of heat by insulation

1. They attach to cellular membrane and appear to fuse with them, releasing their content into the cell. 2. They are taken up by the cell and their phospholipids are incorporated into the cell membrane by which the drug trapped inside is released. 3. In the case of phagocytic cell, liposomes are taken up, the phospholipids walls are acted upon by organelles called lysosomes and entrapped drug is released. 1.4.1 Advantages of liposomes (6, 22, 24, 25): 1. They are biodegradable, biocompatible and

protein. The lipid bilayer is a part of all cell membrane. The structural parts provide support that marks the boundaries of the cells. It is called a lipid bilayer because it has two layers of fat cells put in order on two sheets. Lipid Bilayer (Phospholipid bilayer) Assessments and Measures The Lipid Bilayer is simply a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that surround the cells as a barrier. Lipid bilayer cause viruses, and living organism

throughout the phospholipid bilayer. [The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, 2005]. The fluid mosaic model was proposed in 1972 for providing a description on structures within cell membranes of both plant and animal cells. Since the proposal of this model of membrane structure, it has been developed further and now has the ability to provide people with documentations on the roles and importance of more specialised membrane structural compounds like phospholipids. Along with this

temperature the capsule wall is very rigid and an almost solid gel like state due to being well ordered hydrocarbons which are closely packed. If the temperature increases this is not the case and as it passes the phase transition temperature the phospholipid bilayer becomes a lot more

and functions. The present agreed on model, created in 1972 by S. J. Singer and G. Nicolson, is called the fluid mosaic model. This model depicts that proteins (integral and peripheral) form a mosaic since they are floating in a fluid layer of phospholipids, which makes up the components of the cell membrane (along with cholesterol). Each of these parts of the membrane enables it to be more efficient. The purpose of a cell membrane is to support and protect the cell, but also to control the movement

liposomes, resistant to external environment i.e., enzymes present in the mouth, stomach and blood, alkaline solutions, digestive juices, bile salts, intestinal flora etc. present in the human body. The contents of a liposome are protected by a phospholipid shield which remains undamaged until they are delivered to the target gland, organ, or system where they are utilized. ADVANTAGES OF LIPOSOMES:- • Liposomes increase the potency, bioavailability and therapeutic index as well as therapeutic

endocytosis processes through the selective permeability of the lipid bilayer (Adams 2010). The fluid mosaic model expresses the lack of strong intermolecular interactions applied to the membrane, allowing fluctuation in the organisation of the phospholipids and proteins. (Israelachvili 1977). The bilayer is selective in its permeability, preferring small, uncharged polar molecules to cross the membrane. (Mitchell 2017). Betalain is a red pigment located in the vacuole of plant cells

(Keeton, 1983, p. 71). 1.2 The Phospholipid Bilayer The membrane of the cell is composed of a Phospholipid Bilayer with various protein molecules floating within it phospholipids are fats and are constructed of two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic and a Phosphate head that is hydrophilic. The heads orientate themselves towards the water molecules outside of the cell with the hydrophobic tails pointing away from the water molecules. A second tier of phospholipids forms a mirror image with the

temperature and phospholipid became less stable because its shape and structure changed. As figure.1 states the result of this experiment as temperature increases, the mean absorbance value increases as well (Reece et al., 2014). All of phospholipid bilayers, proteins and carbohydrates together constitute the biological membrane. Each of these members of biological membrane has separate individual task. The task of phospholipid bilayer is to make up the cell membrane. Phospholipids are made up of