Pope Innocent IV

This source is an excerpt from a letter from Pope Innocent IV to King henry III of England on the 23rd January 1245, shortly after the sacking of Jerusalem by Khwarezmian forces in the same year. When a Pope traditionally launches a crusade it is accompanied with excitatoria, formal letters appealing to nobility and kings for contribution to the forthcoming campaign. Although this letter was intended for the English king, Peter Jackson implies that the missing letter to King Louis IX would have almost

Textual Analysis After crossing the Phlegethon, Dante the Pilgrim and Virgil cross into a dark forest where there are “no green leaves, but rather black in color, no smooth branches, but twisted and entangled, no fruit, but thorns of poison bloomed instead” (Dante, Inferno 186). The forest is depicted this way to give a picture of the barren nature of suicide. Dante sees the Harpies nesting and tearing at the trees surrounding them, “....in Greek mythology the Harpies are storm-winds which act as

Pope Innocent III began a sequence of changes that influenced the face of secular and ecclesiastical Europe through careful use of law and political manipulation. It has been remarked that the papacy acquired and retained the most power under the leadership of Pope Innocent III during the late 12th and early 13th centuries. I plan to examine sources primarily pertaining to the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 and secondly to a collection of Innocent III’s papal letters. In my analysis, I hope to draw

during the papacy of Pope Gregory VII. He saw the Church as an active organization that had to create “right order in the world”. Gregory VII thought that the papacy was superior to Kings and Emperors and he was very confrontational with them. His ideas drove the papacy to strive toward a “papal monarchy”. The Canon Laws were created as a basis for the Church to preside over matters pertaining to clergy as well as many civil areas such as marriage, adoption, and inheritance. The pope and bishops had the

torment can be seen in his work. One such piece of work was Bacons rendition of the Portrait of Pope Innocent X (1650 Velazquez). The resemblances of the versions included the Pope sitting in a chair looking directly at the viewer. However, that is where the similarities end. In the 1953 painting, Bacon tore away the flesh from the Pope leaving a screaming skeleton in the place of the stern-faced pope in the original painting. Being up to interpretation, I view this painting in as if Bacons goal

life and works of the Catholic priest and mystic, Miguel de Molinos, referred to as the “founder” of Quietism by the Catholic Encyclopedia, who was initially praised for his work in mysticism before being imprisoned and condemned as a heretic by Pope Innocent

Medieval religious literature served to teach and instruct followers of the ways of religion, specifically Christianity, through vivid imagery. Three texts that support this idea are Hildegard of Bingen's “Know the Ways of the Lord”, Pope Innocent III’s “On the Misery of the Human Condition,” and “Everyman.” Although these texts represent the same idea, there are two surprising differences between them. The first being between “Know the Ways of the Lord” and “Everyman”, which shows the different

The Malleus Maleficarum, published in 1487 and authored by Dominican Inquisitors Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger, was used by Catholics and Protestants as a bank of knowledge on how to locate and prosecute witches. Though the text was published in 1487, it was still used as the premier text on witches well into the 18th century. The text is incredibly thorough, covering the topics of witch identification, explanations of how witches make their pacts with the devil, and how to effectively conduct

Study After Velazquez’s Portrait of Pope Innocent X, are palimpsest using a variety of different images to create his own original works. Study After Velazquez’s Portrait of Pope Innocent X is part of the loose series of “screaming popes” (Sylvester, 40) of which there are approximately 45 surviving works (Schmied, 17) completed during the 50’s and early 60’s. The series was not only inspired by Spanish Baroque artist Diego Velazquez’s Portrait of the Pope Innocent X, a painting which Bacon had many

In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II began a striking expedition to Jerusalem in order to release the city from Muslim control. His moving campaign and the promise of an immense reward was inspirational to the many willing participants. One must essentially understand that the leaders of these crusades connected almost every accomplishment to the works of God, and felt a huge moral obligation to take back what once belonged to Him. The extent of the crusades shows the deep devotion