Silica gel

and is used to distinguish from different species based on variation, commonality, or evolutionary divergence. First, proteins are extracted from the tissue and loaded into a gel matrix. The matrix will separate the proteins according to size using an electric current. Proteins that are separated after are blotted from the gel and onto a paper membrane. An antibody is then added to the membrane paper and causes a colored reaction. Following the reaction, the results

each sample. The samples were then loaded into the wells of the gel along with a DNA Size Standard. The electrophoresis chamber was then turned on and the voltage setting was switched to high. The electrical current applied to the chamber caused negatively charged DNA molecules to move from the positive end to the negative end, with the smallest fragments moving the furthest. We ran the gel for about an hour and then photographed the gel using a Fotodyne UV illuminator and camera (Holbrook and Leicht

hypotonic buffer. The phosphorylated protein was prepared by the collecting samples that were put into a protein extraction buffer and 0.3 mg PMSF/mL. The phosphorylated proteins were separated from the complex proteins using MOTC. 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed to resolve protein production patterns of nondiapause

PCR to multiply the number of genes for experimentation with PMM and GMM (plant master mix and gene master mix, which both held the primers used for DNA replication). The samples were finally placed into an electrophoresis chamber (referred to as a gel box) with loading dye and went under DNA electrophoresis. The results showed that GMOs were used in the harvesting of oats, the manufacturing of tortilla chips, and the preparation of GMO+ samples. Moreover, because the sample for the plant DNA in the

to separate charge molecules is gel electrophoresis. This technique forces the suspended charged molecules through a porous gel matrix by use of an electrical current that separates the molecules according to their physical properties, such as charge, size.1,2,3 It was first observed by Ferdinand Frederic Reuss in 1807. He observed that when an electrical current was applied, clay molecules in water would begin to migrate.6 Samples are placed in wells on the gel. A buffer is added, commonly salt

GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF CHICK PEA (Cicer arietinum L.) USING SEED PROTEIN PROFILING (Short Title: PROTEIN PROFILING OF CHICK PEA) Dipinte Guptaa, Bhardwaj Chellapilab and Rajiv Ranjana* aPlant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra-282005, India, Tel: 0562-2801545, Fax: 0562-2801226 b Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012 *Corresponding Author:

Proteins are primarily considered to have one primary function to serve its role in an organism, however studies have observed to have multiple functioning proteins known as moonlighting proteins (Khan et al. 2014). Moonlighting proteins along with primary functions, have secondary functions that are not related to the primary function and does not correlate to the primary or other functions (Khan et al. 2014). The multifunctional proteins play essential roles in carrying out biochemical functions

*Running title: Isolation and Characterization of Avian Lactate Dehydrogenase To whom correspondence should be addressed Sylvia DaoudKinze and James Proestes, Department of Biochemistry, Portland State University Professor, Portland Oregon, 97207-0751; E-mail: sylviakinzie@gmail.com and proestoj@gmail.com ------------------------------------------------- Keywords: Lactate, Dehydrogenase, Avian, Bradford Assay, Affinity Column Background: Lactate Dehydrogenase also known as LDH is an important

in the gel is controlled by the initial concentration of agarose; large pore sizes are formed from low concentrations and smaller pore sizes are formed from the higher concentratins. [1][2][5] For the majority of DNA samples, electrophoretic separation is carried out in agarose gels. This is because most DNA molecules and their fragments that are analysed routinely are considerably larger than proteins and therefore, because most DNA fragments would be unable to enter a polyacrylamide gel, the larger

sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium citrate, sodium chloride, and ethyleneDiamine Tetra Acid. We performed gel electrophoresis on DNA that had been cut by a restiction enzyme, in order to separate the strands based on length. It is a routine procedure that allows the separation analyzis, and purification of samples of DNA.4 Separation of strands occurs via as a electrical gradient is applied to a gel matrix in which DNA samples are loaded. Due to the slight negative charge of the DNA strands, they will