Spatial data infrastructure

Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is an information infrastructure providing access and enabling interoperability among spatial information based on standards, policies, regulations and coordination mechanisms (Groot R, 1997). The methods for creating SDI undergone radical changes in the recent years like the shift from the product-led model or data-producer-led model to process-led model or data-user model, etc. However, there are some limitations challenging the SDI growth like the lack of standards

2.7.4 Spatial Metadata Publication Publishing metadata facilitates data sharing. Sharing data between organisations stimulates cooperation and a coordinated, integrated approach to spatially related policy issues (Land Information Council of Jamaica 2008). Metadata records are usually published through catalogue systems, sometimes called directories or registries (Nogueras-Iso et al. 2005). Also, Catalogue Services for the Web (CSW) open standard by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) supports

LITERATURE REVIEW The literature in this field centers on on the different land-use theories that would be applicable to aviation - centered spatial development. The early theorictial concepts of airport development focused on the regional development of the Central Business District (CBDs) where airports were often located on the outlining areas of cities. Land-use around airports was not viewed as an integral component in the economic vitality of urban planning. Early land - use theories included:

complex procedure which includes routing evacuees, identifying shelters and exits, and designing traffic control. During such catastrophic events, the evacuation routing models are vital to the evacuation planning problems. Since, transportation infrastructure is a limited resource both in terms of directional accessibility and capacity, it is worthy of well planning evacuation routes in advance so as to ensure a safe evacuee routing decision and efficient utilization

under two constraints. One is hiding game activities information which is irrelevant to the player. The second is keeping restrictions on player’s avatar movement and sense capability. The spatial model, a region based publish/subscribe model, and hybrid communication model are the categories of IM. 3.1.1 The Spatial Model: For better arbitration of interactions, this model utilizes space properties. It consists two key terms: “aura” and “nimbus”. The aura defined as the bounded area of interest of

difficult, and measuring them accurately and efficiently is even more difficult due to statistical hurdles and data availability. The three most common approaches to estimating industrial effects of transportation are microeconomic and macroeconomic approaches and a historical or wider benefits approach (Lakshmanan, 2011). The microeconomic approach to estimating the impacts of transport infrastructure uses the basic concept of consumer surplus. Beginning with a downward sloping demand curve and a flat transportation

CHAPTER TWO CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Literature Review The aim of this literature review is to examine the complexities of the theoretical discussion on the concepts and empirical research works on urban development, peripheral development and metropolitan expansion in order to find a theoretical place within the broader concept of urban growth effect on infrastructural development of peripheral settlements. In an attempt to strike a balance between the growth of cities and

increasing recognition is inevitable; therefore the solution to urban problems depends largely on effective planning, infrastructural management and development. Usually, unplanned population growth is associated to population demands that supersede infrastructure and service capacity, leading to the degradation of the environment. Urbanization is important, but its development is effected at the expense of deforestation, destruction of biotopes, fragmentation of ecosystems, consequently shrinking of the

elements (infrastructure, ecosystems, etc). Most flood hazards result from insufficient drainage systems, breaching or topping of levees or dams, and intense rainfall events (Kulkarni, et al., 2014). One of the most devastating effects of flood events is the loss of

Natural Disasters With the tropical climate and unstable landforms, coupled with high population density, poverty, illiteracy and lack of adequate infrastructure, India is one of the most vulnerable developing countries to suffer very often from various Natural Disasters, viz. flood, cyclone, earthquake,forest fire, drought, etc. Asia tops the list of casualties due to natural disasters. Space technology plays a crucial role in efficient mitigation of disasters. Communication satellite provides