A Brief Note On Lipid Based Delivery Systems

Through the understanding of infectious diseases, researchers have been able to create several types of vaccines to help prevent a variety of life-threatening illnesses. Scientists develop immunizations using different techniques to treat diseases. These types include: live, killed, toxoids, subunit, and conjugate vaccines. Vaccinations that are the live type use a specific process which when administered will expose the patient to the actual disease, but in a much

Vaccines are designed to put foreign antigens into the body so the body will produce antibodies to fight it off. When an antigen is

Humans eradicated smallpox. Through worldwide vaccination efforts, there has not been a single wild case of smallpox, the disease that killed nearly half those it infected, since 1978. This magnificent public health feat is being replicated worldwide for more than 20 pathogens, in the process protecting humans from a host of debilitating and deadly diseases. However, we cannot rest on our laurels. We still face numerous infectious diseases with effects just as devastating as smallpox. To combat these diseases, we must put new vaccine development and improvement at the forefront of our medical research.

Vaccine subtypes that are commonly used today include toxoids as well as subunits and conjugates. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases discusses these last types. For bacteria that secrete toxins or harmful chemicals, a toxoid vaccine is used. These vaccinations are used only when the illness is caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria, rather than the bacteria itself. Formalin is used to inactivate these toxins and then once the vaccination is given, the body’s immune system produces antibodies that block the toxin and prevent further infection (NIAID, 2012). Unfortunately, this protection is only temporary as toxoids have the same disadvantages as inactivated vaccines and hence require booster shots to provide long-lasting protection (NIAID, 2012). Furthermore, sometimes vaccinations can be made using only part of the pathogen. These vaccinations are known as subunit vaccines and their subsidiary, conjugates. Subunit vaccines include only the bacteria’s antigen or epitope – the specific part of the antigen which the immune system’s antibodies or T-cells recognize and bind to (NIAID, 2012). However, conjugate vaccines do not use antigens but rather, if the bacterium possesses it, an outer coating of sugar molecules (polysaccharides) which aid in disguising the bacteria’s antigen from immature immune systems (NIAID, 2012). A primary

New science has actually created a pill version of vaccinations. A recent study, at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln allowed “researchers to demonstrate that nesting a nanoparticle inside a microparticle could protect engineered genes or virus-derived DNA against the rigors of the stomach and ensure safe passage to the intestine. Once there, that synthetic DNA could potentially enter cells to trigger the production of either disease-fighting proteins or antibodies essential to building immunity” (EurekAlert!). To explain further, research has founded the pill vaccination might be more effective or practical than the aerosol method. The pill vaccination allows for the antigens within the pill to move throughout the human body, past the highly acidic stomach acid and to the intestines where the body would release antibodies and boost immunity towards

Conjugate vaccinations were discovered in the 1980s as a solution to overcome the difficulties with polysaccharide vaccinations. Through using conjugation, the immune response could be changed from T-cell independent to T-cell dependent, meaning that the T-cells play a much bigger role in the immune response. This lead to an increased immunogenicity in infants and antibody booster response to multiple doses of the vaccine, two areas with which polysaccharide vaccinations fell short. Current conjugate vaccinations are available for pneumococcal and meningococcal diseases. Vaccine antigens may also be produced through genetic engineering and are termed recombinant vaccines. There are currently four types of recombinant vaccines. These include Hepatitis B, where the viral gene is inserted into a yeast cell, Human papillomavirus, where the genes for a viral coat protein are inserted into yeast cells, Typhoid, where the salmonella typhi bacteria are genetically modified to not cause illness, and influenza, where the virus has been engineered to replicate effectively in the mucosa of the nasopharynx rather than the

This must be injected using a bifurcated needle that is dipped into the vaccine. The

The ImmunoMatrix is a Band-Aid like patch that delivers vaccines without a needle or breaking the skin. [2].This is done through a special polymer that can pull water out of the skin, allowing large molecules to enter the blood stream without a needle. [3]. Figure 1 shows the difference in a traditional needle (1 and 2) and the ImmunoMatrix (4). As can be seen in the figure, the ImmunoMatrix does not puncture the skin like a

These vaccine preparation are made by harvesting the allantoic fluid followed by chemically inactivation using_β-propiolactone or formalin, and subsequently it is concentrated and purified to remove non-viral protein contaminants (Wong S., Webby R. , 2013).The use of whole virus vaccines was reduced because of higher incidence of side effects when compared with the other formulations. In present time it has regained interest in the context of pandemic vaccine development as a simple and highly immunogenic vaccine formulation ( Geeraedts etal,2008)

Lipids and Carbohydrates Lipids are a group of substances, which include fats, oils and waxes. Carbohydrates include sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose. They are stored in plants as starches and in animals as glycogen. There are many differences between carbohydrates and lipids.

The thought of vaccination is synonymous with the fear of needles to many people is known as Trypanophobia. Noninvasive, needle-free mode of vaccination approach being developed is the use of a vaccine patch which delivers the vaccine through the skin is referred to as transcutaneous immunization (TCI),where the skin act as an immunologically active site with the

Firstly the shortcut simulation of BTX separation was conducted. The first shortcut column that receives the feed is representative of the prefractionator, which is the left side of the dividing wall. Therefore this first column is meant to do sloppy splits of the feed. In this case, the prefractionator is expected to do a sharp split of Benzene and p-Xylene and a sloppy split of Toluene. For the prefractionator (SRCT-1), the heavy key will be p-Xylene and light key will be Benzene. This is because Benzene is the lightest component that is to be removed from the top of the column and p-Xylene is the heaviest component that is to be removed from the bottom. Since a sloppy split of Toluene is done, it is divided to the top and bottom of the shortcut

Advances in the understanding of the molecular and cellular immunological mechanisms and recombinant DNA technology have led to the development of new immunotherapic therapies for disease conditions.

Simply put, the route of immunization is the path used to introduce the immunization to a person’s body. There are several standard methods of immunization and administering a vaccine via the correct route is a critical factor to the success of the immunization. Typically, vaccines are given intramuscularly, subcutaneously, by intradermal injection (the topmost layer of skin), orally, or intranasal via nasal spray. Vaccines

Another two-component therapeutic glycopeptide vaccine developed by Dr. Li’s group contained the MUC1 tandem repeat sequence covalently attached to BSA or different tetanus toxoid derived T-cell peptide epitopes.159 In this study, the MUC1 tandem repeat glycopeptide sequence HGVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPA that was decorated with various combination of T-,Tn- and STn-antigen, was coupled to three different universal T-helper cell epitope peptides, P2 ( TT830–843- QYIKANSKFIGITE), P4 (TT1273–1284- GQIGNDPNRDIL), and P30 (TT947–967-FNNFTVSFWLRVPKVSASHLE) and to BSA (Figure 1.12). It was found that the vaccine