Mediastinal emphysema or pneumomediastinum is the presence of air or other gases within the confines of mediastinal structures. First described by Laennec in 1819 [1], the main causes of pneumomediastinum are trauma, tracheobronchial or oesophageal-bronchial fistulas, invasive procedures (cervical, thoracic, or abdominal), positive-pressure ventilation, coughing, vomiting, Valsalva manoeuvre, physical exertion, and inhaled drug use, among others [2]. It rarely occurs in the absence of pulmonary disease or other precipitating factors. In this case, it is referred to as spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) [3]. SPM is rare in adults, with young male individuals being the most frequently affected, with a male/female ratio of 8 to 1 [2].
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Although phenotypic features and deletion sizes are variable, deletion of 16q22 appears to be critical for manifestations of the syndrome [5]. A review of published reports of 7 patients with different deletions of regions 16q21 to 16q24, including 1 patient with a 16q13-q22 deletion, and noted that there was a constellation of similar features [5]. The most common features exhibited by the affected individuals were low birth weight, hypotonia, feeding disturbances, failure to thrive, and delayed psychomotor development. The characteristic dysmorphic features included prominent forehead, wide anterior fontanel, diastasis of cranial sutures, blepharostenosis, hypertelorism, broad nasal bridge, low-set and deformed ears, and short neck while narrow thorax and ectopic anus were less commonly seen. The most common deleted region was 16q22 [5]. SPM is not a recognised feature of this syndrome.
She was on daily oral doses of Tacrolimus 1gm, Prednisone 7.5 mg, Acyclovir800mg, Variconazole 400mg, Bactrim (800mg/160mg) thrice a week and Thyroxine 75mcg. She was allergic to Amoxycillin and Naproxen.
She lived with her mother, was a non-smoker and denied any illicit or recreational drug use.
On the initial presentation to Emergency department with worsening dyspnoea, dry cough and neck tightness. The patient was afebrile, acyanotic, tachypnoiec (respiratory rate of 36 per minute), tachycardic (heart rate of 166 per
Lungs: Demonstrate good air entry. Faint end-expiratory wheeze throughout all lung fields. No rales or rhonchi. Symmetric chest expansion. Breathing nonlabored.
A 68 year old male presented to the emergency department at 0800 hours via ambulance after experiencing chest discomfort and intermittent palpitations since 0500 hours. Prior to presentation, the patient stated he
Physical Examination: General: The patient is an alert, oriented male appearing his stated age. He appears to be in moderate distress. Vital signs: blood pressure 132/78 and pulse 68 and regular. Temperature is 38.56 oC (101.4 oF). HEENT:Normocephalic, atraumatic. Pupils were equal, round, and reactive to light. Ears are clear. Throat is normal. Neck: The neck is supple with no carotid bruits. Lungs: The lungs are clear to auscultation and percussion. Heart: Regular rate and rhythm. Abdomen:Bowel sounds are normal. There is rebound tenderness with maximal discomfort on palpation in the right lower quadrant. Extremities: No clubbing, cyanosis, or edema.
Air escaped from the lung into the pleural space. Eventually, enough air collected in the pleural space to cause the mediastinum to shift twoard the right. The collapsed left lung, increased intrapleural pressure, and rightward shift make it difficult to ventilate A.W.
According to the provider, the claimant's cough has been improved. His review of systems was positive for fatigue, malaise, sleep difficulty, shortness of breath, wheezes, and a cough. His blood pressure was 115/71 mmHg and his BMI was 30.35 kg/m2. The physical examination revealed wheezes. Clonazepam was prescribed for agitation. Atorvastatin, Nystatin, Citalopram, and a probiotic were prescribed. Continued use of Aspirin and a regular inhaler were suggested. Further, a follow-up visit with Endocrinology, Cardiology, and Pulmonology. As it relates to a spot in his lung, a repeat CT scan was recommended. The bronchial washes were negative for
Patient “DD” is a 56-year-old woman who was admitted to a nearby hospital for respiratory failure. With the only previous medical history being chronic bronchitis, she was diagnosed upon admission with COPD, anemia, hypoxia, moderate anxiety, and dyspnea.
She continues to take the following medications: GABAPENTIN 400MG , ASPIRIN 81MG, Oxaprozin 600mg and
Lungs: Clear to auscultation bilaterally. No wheezes, rales, or rhonchi. Symmetric chest expansion. Breathing nonlabored. Diminished breath sounds in all lung fields. Resonant to percussion.
2. Patient is experiencing acute pain r/t coughing and deep breathing aeb wheezing in the right and left upper lobes of the lungs.
Pt approached staff 2200 stating, she was having a hard time breathing. Pt also stated her tongue was swollen from an allergic reaction. Mild tongue swelling noted. After assessing the patient, she had bilateral audible wheezes and o2 stat at 96%. No s/s of respiratory distress noted. Pt received a nebulizer treatment at 2205 and was fine after tx, stating "my breathing improved." Prn Bendaryl was also given after a swallow evaluation. No further medical complaints. Slept well through the
It causes a decrease in lung functions, and very often, shows signs of breathlessness. It is indeed a destructive disease of the lung in which the alveoli (small sacs) that promote oxygen exchange between the air and the bloodstream are destroyed. Emphysema is a progressive, degenerative kind of disease that destroys many alveolar walls. As a result, clusters of small air sacs merge into larger chambers, which decrease the total surface area of the alveolar walls. At the same time, the alveolar walls lose their elasticity and the capillary networks associated with the alveoli diminish (Shier et al; 2010). It is in this sense that a person with emphysema finds it very difficult and increasingly hard to breath, has to force air out of the lungs because the tissue elasticity of the lungs and for that matter, the alveolar sacs have reduced or completely destroyed. Furthermore, abnormal muscular efforts are required to compensate for the lack of elastic recoil that normally contributes to
Emphysema is a condition of the lungs that involves the over-inflation of the air sacs, otherwise known as the alveoli. Normal functioning of the alveoli helps breathing in normal respiration. Unlike other lung diseases this one can be inherited. This is a disease that can affect people of all ages and genders. In 1994, the number of males with emphysema outnumbered the females by fifty four percent. However, in the two years that followed the difference between males and females decreased by ten percent.
G.M. was then immediately transferred to Rady Children’s hospital Emergency Room by her parents. Upon nursing assessment she presented with vital signs within the same range from her clinic visit. These were repeated every fifteen minutes until stable. Her skin was flushed and diaphoretic. Mucous membranes appeared dry with significant skin cracking around the mouth. Patient was alert and oriented times three and pupils were equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation. Her breath sounds were clear and equal bilaterally, with no adventitious sounds noted. However, patient G.M. appeared to have
Emphysema Emphysema is a condition in which there is over-inflation of structures in the lungs known as alveoli or air sacs. This over-inflation results from a breakdown of the walls of the alveoli, which causes a decrease in respiratory function (the way the lungs work) and often, breathlessness. Early symptoms of emphysema include shortness of breath and cough. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis together comprise chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).