Introduction Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) was first recognized in 1983 as a spherical viral particle of 27-30 nm from stool of the infected volunteer suspected with non A non B hepatitis (Balayan et al., 1983). HEV infection may lead to acute hepatic failure especially in pregnant women and chronic liver patients. It causes chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in immunocompromised patients (Kamar et al., 2008). It is endemic in many Asian and African countries where the prevalence of HEV IgG antibody is upto 50% (Taniguchi et al., 2009). In recent years, the number of cases of HEV infection has increased in Europe although it is a non endemic area (Dalton et al., 2008; Lewis, Wichmann and Duizer, 2010; (Pischke et al., 2011). HEV infection is responsible for about 3 million symptomatic acute hepatitis E annually which causes nearly 70,000 death all over the World (Rein et al., 2012). HEV belongs to genus Hepevirus and family hepeviridae (Acha et al., 2003; International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, 2011). HEV differs from hepatitis viruses A, B, C and D both genetically and structurally (Kumar, Das and Jameel, 2010). There are 5 genotypes of HEV. The genotype 1 and 2 viruses are found only in humans, genotype 3 and 4 viruses are found in both human and animals whereas
Hepatitis is bloodborne and is present in all body fluids of the infected person. Hepatitis unlike HIV can live on the outside surface of the skin for a long period of time. There are three types of hepatitis which are hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Hepatitis B is the hardest to kill on the surface. Make sure to disinfect all surfaces with a hospital grade disinfectant. (sounds plagerised)
This research paper is going to review today’s silent killer, the Hepatitis C virus. This paper will talk about the description of the disease, the signs and symptoms, the etiology and risk factors, diagnostic studies, treatments and prognosis of this disease. I had lived with this disease for over ten years before diagnosed so it is important to understand the signs and symptoms so the disease can be identified and a treatment plan can be identified as the sooner it is treated the more likely it will eradicate the disease.
consists of two types; HSV1 and HSV-2, both of which infect humans and are easily
Lab test results show a positive anti-HCV and confirm that Chad has Hepatitis C. The nurse explains to Chad that Hepatitis is liver disease with inflammation of the cells of the liver. Chad states "I can't have Hepatitis. I had all three of the vaccinations before I started working as a paramedic."
There are 5 variants of viral hepatitis from hepatitis A through to hepatitis E and these are caused by different viruses (Neighbours and Jones, 2010). In the initial stages of contracting viral hepatitis there is a possibility of being asymptomatic or there can be some non-specific and specific symptoms. Non-specific symptoms in a client could be anorexia, malaise, feelings of nausea and sometimes vomiting, a new dislike of the taste of cigarettes, myalgia (muscle pains), abdominal pains and fever. These non-specific symptoms can lead to a misdiagnosis such as influenza because they are quite general. Hepatitis is suspected when specific symptoms develop such as right upper quadrant
HBV, as stated above, is a disease that affects the liver by coming into contact as an infant from the mother during birth, sex with an infected partner, sharing needles, razors, or toothbrushes of an
HSV is a human nuclear DNA virus that can replicate in many different species of animal as well as in many different types of cells. It can gain access to different types of cells due to its 12 envelope surface glycoproteins and uses the heparan moiety of the receptors to attach to cells
Because Hepatitis B is a virus there is no way to actually curing it. There is a very effective vaccine that has been available since 1982. This Hepatitis B vaccine is 90% effective in preventing infection. This was the first vaccine against a major human cancer. Another way you can prevent Hepatitis B is by using a latex condom while having intercourse. Also you can prevent Hepatitis B by not sharing needles, drugs or inhalant devices. Stay away from an infected person’s personal items such as razors and tooth brushes. Always practice good personal hygiene such as washing your hands. Take precautions before traveling to countries or places that are known to have poor sanitation and make sure that you have your immunization before you travel.
Hepatitis A is a liver infection caused by the Hepatitis A virus (HAV). Hepatitis A is highly contagious. It is usually transmitted by the fecal-oral route, either by person-to-person contact or consumption of contaminated food or water. Moreover, Hepatitis A is a self-limited disease that does not result in chronic infection. More than 80% of adults with Hepatitis A have symptoms but the majority of children does not have symptoms or have an
Ward, J. W., Valdiserri, R. O., & Koh, H. K. (2012). Hepatitus C Virus Prevention, Care, and Treatment:
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most widespread blood borne infection throughout the United States. It is estimated that nearly 3.2 million Americans are chronically infected (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). HCV is a leading cause of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and is an indication for liver transplant (Medscape, 2012). As a result, HCV poses a significant economic burden on the American health care system.
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. There are currently five known viruses that cause can hepatitis (Microbiology, 10e). The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is transmitted through contact with the blood of an infected person; however, it is now more commonly spread among IV drug users that share needles. Healthcare workers are also at risk for contracting HCV, but with standard precautions, the risk is low. “Prior to 1992, some people acquired the HCV infection from transfusions of blood or blood products. Since 1992, all blood products have been screened for HCV, and cases of HCV due to blood transfusion now are extremely rare. HCV can be passed from mother to unborn child. Approximately 4 out of every 100 infants born to HCV-positive mothers
Hepatitis C has been referred to as a "Silent Epidemic," since it usually progresses slowly over many years. Most people who are infected with hepatitis C are not aware of any noticeable symptoms for as long as one to two decades after they are infected. In fact, by the time symptoms appear, the virus has probably already begun to damage the liver. If the liver is injured and stops functioning, death will always be the outcome (Lieber). Liver failure from chronic hepatitis C is one of the most common causes of liver transplants in the United States.
Hepatitis is caused by a virus that is targeted at the liver, one of your most important organs!! Specifically, it causes inflammation and injury to the liver. Hepatitis comes in many different forms, five to be exact. There is Hepatitis A, B, C, D & E. Hepatitis is caused mainly by viruses, all of which are set on shutting down your liver. I will be specifically concentrating on Hepatitis A in this report. Hepatitis A is also known as infectious Hepatitis, an extremely contagious viral infection that often effects young children and young adults, especially those in large groups. It has been known to break out in schools, summer camps and music festivals etc.
The symptoms start appearing after two to five weeks of infection. The main symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, low fever, rashes, loss of appetite and yellowing of skin (jaundice), abdominal pain. Diarrhea occurs in case of children. No specific treatment is there. Patients need adequate rest and proper nutrition. If skin becomes yellow then the patient needs a blood test or a liver panel test. If a person vomits for a long period amount of time, they get dehydrated; then, only then, hospitalization is needed. Patients should drink a plenty amount of water, or fluids. He or she should take food, which does not cause any harm to the liver. Patients should avoid tea, coffee or any alcoholic beverages, which causes harm to liver. He or she takes adequate rest. He should not take any medicine which causes harm to liver. If patient is confused about taking medicine then he or she should consult a doctor. Techniques for growing HAV in cell culture have made it possible to generate sufficient amounts of virus for vaccine production. Several inactivated or live attenuated vaccines against hepatitis A have been developed, but only four inactivated hepatitis A vaccines are currently available internationally. All four vaccines are similar in terms of efficacy and side-effect profile. The vaccines are given parenterally, as a two-dose series, 6-18 months apart. The dose of vaccine,