A Study On The Carotid Artery Thickness And Cardiovascular Risk

Many of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease cause problems because they lead to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the narrowing and thickening of arteries and develops for years without causing symptoms. It can happen in any part of the body. Around the heart, it is known as coronary artery disease, in the legs it is known as peripheral arterial disease. The narrowing and thickening of the arteries is due to the deposition of fatty material, cholesterol and other substances in the walls of blood vessels. The deposits are known as plaques. The rupture of a plaque can lead to stroke or a heart attack. (World Heart Federation).

The following summary is an updated case study of a 47 year old male patient, Jim who was diagnosed with Coronary Artery Disease. The patient did receive information on what CAD is and was informed that test were needed to fully diagnose and be evaluated for underlying conditions (high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol levels, diabetes and blockage. I will discuss the type of test needed for this condition and tests for any underlying conditions that are related to this disease. The type of treatment needed to control and lower his risk factor. I will also give the patient information about complementary and alternative medicine so the patient will be well informed about different types of treatment. The patient will be informed about the prognosis of the disease, and the options that the patient has to succeed in the changes in his lifestyle that are needed.

Causes of kidney disease are wide-ranging in number; however diabetes, high blood pressure, inherited disease, and infection remain to be the contenders of cause (Davidson, 2011). Acute kidney disease can be identified by anuria and oedema. CKD is often called a “silent” killer, because instead of a sign, that would render immediate evidence, CKD only provides symptoms that many don’t know to correlate to renal issues. The symptoms may also increase at the latter stages of the

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disorder and occurs in the elderly population. In younger patients, it

Individuals are more likely to develop CVD if they have high blood pressure, high cholesterol, are obese, use tobacco, eat a poor diet, or are not physically active. Most clinical risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease can be modified by practicing healthy lifestyle and behavior choices (Yu, Rimm, Lu, Rexrode, Albert, Qi, Willet, Hu, & Manson 2016).

A wide range of vascular burden factors have been identified to impact vascular function and many of these issues stem from carotid intima-media thickness. Intima-media thickness is measurement of the thickness of the innermost layers of the wall of an artery. Irregular levels of thickness can result in the risk factors of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cardio vascular disease, and obesity. Alzheimer’s disease shares a common risk factor with all of these potential health concerns. It’s quite interesting that a degenerative brain disease can have the same risk factors as something cardiovascular disease. Alzheimer’s seems to have a very interesting link to physiological risk factors. One study took 1102 elderly patients that were at

There were no differences in age and education between the OSA group and the non-OSA group. There were higher rates of male patients (67% vs. 20%, p< 0.03) compared to those in the non-OSA group. Further, among those in the highest quartile of ischemic microvascular burden (highest quartile of both DWMH and PVH volumes), 80% of them were in the OSA group. Moreover, patients in the OSA group had a higher rate of having advanced lesions, such as beginning confluence of foci or large confluent areas, compared to those in the non-OSA group (t=2.96, p<0.001).

Diabetic patients due to common metabolic, coagulation and vascular abnormalities are more prone to arteriosclerosis and ischemic complications (Beckman

The usage of anticoagulant therapy is one of the most common forms of medical intervention. The CHADS2 score is the simplest and most commonly used stroke- risk assessment tool since its implementation 2001. This scale is used to determine whether or not anticoagulation therapy is required for patients with episodic atrial fib. A higher CHADS2 score is directly related to a greater risk of stroke. The level of risk from a thrombotic event is determined by a score which is tallied by including five common stroke risk factors; congestive heart failure, hypertension, age, diabetes, and history of stroke. If a patient is positive for any of these risk factors they receive one point with the history of stroke getting 2 points (Camm et al, 2010).

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a disease that is described as a loss of kidney function gradually over time. As kidney function decreases, the waste collection in the body’s blood becomes high and makes the individual feel sick. This disease can lead to other complications in the body such as anemia, poor nutritional health, high blood pressure, and nerve damage. These complications will begin to progress and show as CKD progresses to advanced stages. Early detection of this disease is essential when it comes to treatment. If CKD is diagnosed early enough the disease progression can be slowed down and managed. This disease will eventually lead to failure of the kidneys

Cardiovascular disease is the world's public health enemy number one, and Coronary atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among all cardiovascular diseases, it costs a huge amount of medical and social resources each year and seriously affects the public health and life. With the development of society, the cardiovascular disease in developed and developing countries is the main health issues, so how to accurately distinguish between high-risk groups, and further evaluate the risk stratification and prognosis of the population is extremely important. Our study found that PDW, MPV, and P-LCR changes were positively correlated with coronary heart disease, both for patients with stable or unstable coronary heart disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of &lt;60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is caused by fatty buildup in the arteries of the heart. Your arteries are made to carry oxygen infused blood to your heart and other parts of your body if it is filled up with plaque, which is the fatty substance that clogs and blocks up the arteries. If it gets clogged enough to where your heart is not receiving fresh oxygen, you could have a heart attack that could cause very serious damage to your body and could even kill you. When you are younger, you can begin to grow plaque in your blood vessels from not eating right and not exercising regularly. When your arteries are being filled up with plaque they become more narrow and harder for blood to get through as easily as it is supposed to be. When you have

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is among the leading causes of mortality throughout the world, and its prevalence and the health care costs resulting from it are considerable and increasing. CKD commonly is silent and asymptomatic until its late stages. Accordingly, CKD is diagnosed prior to symptomatic stage of kidney failure, resulting in delays in proper interventions and the emergence of adverse consequences in the CKD patients

High blood pressure which is called hypertension is another common disease which can cause chronic renal failure. This