Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Situation: The client is a 50-year-old female teacher who was notified of an abnormal screening mammogram. Diagnosis of infiltrating ductal carcinoma was made following a stereotactic needle biopsy of a 1.5 x 1.5 cm lobulated mass at the 3:00 position in her left breast. The client had a modified radical mastectomy with lymph node dissection. The sentinel lymph node and 11 of 16 lymph nodes were positive for tumor. Estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors were both positive. Further staging work-up was negative for distant metastasis. Her final staging was stage IIB. Her prescribed chemotherapy regimen is 6 cycles of CAF after a single-lumen central line was placed.

One of the current treatments for male breast cancer is surgery. More often than not the surgery describes opening the body and cutting out the cancer cells and surrounding “bad” tissue. “Surgery is one of the oldest methods of cancer treatment that is still effective.” (Cancer.net, 2016) Before a surgery can be conducted, a biopsy must be done. A biopsy is when the doctor or surgeon takes a very tiny piece of tissue from the tumor to send to a lab to be analyzed. Once it is confirmed to be cancer, the most common way of handling it is to cut out the tumor and a good portion of the surrounding tissue as cancer has a way of infiltrating the healthy flesh around itself. Although, two side-effects of surgery is the problem that the cancer may not be completely eliminated. Some could still be lingering inside of the bloodstream undetected. The surgery can also leave a nasty scar on the body of a person that could pose a lifelong self esteem issue by making people unconfident with their own body. A second treatment for this cancer is chemotherapy. Chemo is given in many different forms: pills, liquids, and

Breast cancer affects one in every nine women in Britain, 45,000 women every year are diagnosed with it in some form or stage of development. Life style and cognitive interventions, i.e. counselling and psychotherapy can play an important part in how the patient deals with cancer in their lives and how they recover.

Depending on the time of diagnosis and the particular stage at which the cancer is present in the body, treatment options range from a mastectomy, chemotherapy, or surgery (Haas, 2008). A mastectomy is the surgical removal of the breast, it is an approach often taken to halt the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body. Chemotherapy is an alternative to a treating the cancer. Chemotherapy for breast cancer is a systemic treatment, which affects most of the cells in your body. Most often chemotherapy is classified as the therapeutic use of chemicals to treat or control a particular disease. Potent drugs are used to kill or hinder the uncontrolled growth of cancer cells by interrupting their DNA, protein production, preventing cell division, starving them of their nutrients or blocking hormone receptors (Stephan, 2010).

There are many treatments of breast cancer, the seriousness and the type of cancer will result in what type of treatment is chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is given to advanced stage of breast cancer. And it is a nurse role to educate the women receiving chemotherapy about the names of drugs and they are administered and their side effects.

There are many different diseases that terrorize the human race every day. Of all of these sicknesses, one of the most devastating is breast cancer. Breast cancer touches all types of people all over the world each day. It is actually the second most common cancer amongst women in the United States. One in every eight women in the United States has some form of breast cancer and currently, the death rates are higher than any other cancer with the exception of lung cancer. Cancer is defined by the Merriam-Webster Online dictionary as “a malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally by invasion and systemically by metastasis.” Therefore, breast cancer is a disease of

Treatments for breast cancer can vary depending on the aggression/stage of the cancer. Treatments for breast cancer usually involves some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and/or targeted therapy: treatments depend on the cancer stage and the characteristics of the tumor (Susan G. Komen, 2015). Breast cancer treatment plans

One dependable source states, “Lumpectomy or partial mastectomy (also called breast-conserving surgery) followed by radiation therapy is generally considered to be as good as mastectomy for women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer with an average risk of the cancer coming back (recurrence). Earlier research has shown that recurrence risk was about the same with either treatment” ("Removing”). There are multiple options that can be chosen to attempt to eliminate cancer that have been proven to have been effective in many cases.

II. A) Cdc.gov (2012) indicates, breast cancer is treated in several ways. It is depended on the kind of cancer and how far along it has spread. Treatment included surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, biological therapy and radiation.

agent, cisplatin may be effective treatment for hereditary BRCA1-mutated breast cancers . Another treatment for breast cancer is surgery. Surgery is usually the first line of attack against breast cancer. Before doing any surgery, doctors will ask patient about their medical record to ensure there is no complication during the process of surgery. There are several types of surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, breast reconstruction and others. Lumpectomy is a surgery in which only the tumor and some surrounding tissue is removed. Mastectomy is a surgery that removes the portion, or segment, of the breast that contains the tumor. Breast reconstruction is an additional surgery to rebuild the breast. Breast reconstruction often can be done at

Furthermore, 12 % of all women will contract the disease, and 3.5% of them will die from the cancer. There are four stages of breast cancer and several treatments. Treatments differ from the types and stages. Stage 0 is noninvasive with no affected lymph nodes or metastasis and it is the most favorable. Stage 1 is less than two centimeters and is only in the breasts.

As a result, the amount of money that gets propelled back into the healthcare industry skyrockets as the list of medical issues following these treatments grows more and more extensive. A study done by Dr. John Diamond shows that females who undergo chemotherapy and radiation treatments “face a 35% chance of developing breast cancer by the time they are 40, which is 75 times greater than average” (Dr. John Diamond, MD). Chemotherapy and radiation have been proven to weaken, and sometimes completely destroy, the immune system. This makes the already physically unstable patient even more susceptible to illnesses and diseases that they wouldn 't otherwise have had to worry about. Consequently, the recurrence of cancer is a very likely, and in some cases, unavoidable. But it is unacceptable that the most common and easily accessible drug is the reason why 35% of patients will develop a second cancer (haematologica.org). Many other cancers can come as a result of chemotherapy too. One study found that, "Patients who underwent chemo were 14 times more likely to develop leukemia and 6 times more likely to develop cancers of the bones, joints, and soft tissues than those patients who did not undergo

Systemic chemotherapy continues to be the treatment of choice for most patients. Most dogs treated for lymphoma will receive a multidrug chemotherapy CHOP regimen consisting of cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, and doxorubicin. During treatment for canine lymphoma, the drug L-asparaginase (L-asp) is supplemented in order to catalyze the cleavage of asparagine to ammonia and aspartate. The level of asparagine is depleted from circulating blood by use of L-asp, diminishing its availability for uptake into cells. Since high-grade canine lymphomas are aggressive cancers, with a high demand for exogenous asparagine, L-asp, in combination with prednisone, is an integral component of induction chemotherapy. 85–90% of dogs are likely to experience

will miss some cancers, and it sometimes can lead to follow up of findings that are not

Breast cancer is very common among the women. Nowadays, the number of patient survive from breast cancer have increased due to the early detection. However, the treatments of the breast cancer become difficult in pregnant mother as it need to consider the life of foetus. The doctor must provide the best treatments to maximize the chances of mother and also foetus survival. Besides, any potential risk against the foetus such as morphological and functional defect must not be neglect. Adjuvant chemotherapy has been found to be an important role in surviving the women suffer from early stage of breast cancer but not pregnant mother with breast cancer. Delay and modification adjuvant chemotherapy may ensure the healthier infants birth and also