Advanced Pathophysiology Across Lifesp Case Study

Hyperlipidemia. We did review his last labs. We will check that again with his next lab draw. I plan on seeing him back in approximately six months and I have encouraged him to try to be as healthy as possible in the meantime with his diet and exercise choices.

“The patient is Adam Rudd, a 78 y/o white male with a history of hypertension. He has been diagnosed with hypertension past 15 years and is on anti-hypertensive medications and aspirin. He is very weak and short of breath. He is accompanied with his longtime friend Jennifer, who reports that Rudd was looking very weak and was complaining of severe headache and blurred vision before coming to the hospital. He is 5’9” and weighs 270 lb. Vital signs recorded were: oral temperature 98.20 F, BP 224/120 mm Hg with a heart rate of 102 beats/minute and respiration of 24 breaths per minute. The pulse oximetry reading was 94% on room air. He is complaining of severe headache and blurred vision. Rudd said that he did not take his antihypertensive medication or aspirin since he ran out of pills. He has not been taking his medication for past 15 days. He reports no known allergies to any medications or other substances.”

Healthcare maintenance. The patient has not had a physical in years. We will set her up to come back for this at next appointment. She is not had cholesterol done for quite some time. She does continue on TriCor for her hypertriglyceridemia. We will plan on doing blood work to include a vitamin D, CMP, magnesium, lipid panel, hemoglobin A1c, prior to her appointment in three months. She is seeing Christine Wasilewski, MD for her B12 deficiency and anemia. I will not therefore order test for

These results are showing a more acidosis level and with our pH low the PaCO2 low and also HCO3 low, Sam’s decreased level in the glascow coma scale and tachycardia we could consider a hyperglycaemic metabolic or ketosis acidosis and commence corrective treatment immediately( Roman,M,2008, p268).

CBC lab results can look normal or they can reflected hydration as polycythemia (shown as a high hematocrit level). A lack of insulin is present. This deficit in insulin causes glucose not to be taken into the cells of the body leaving glucose floating free in the blood stream. The increase in glucose can be determined on a CBC panel as well. Biochemical panels will most likely show liver abnormalities if the underlying cause if hepatic Lipidosis, pancreatitis, or extrahepatic biliary obstruction with severe pancreatitis. ALT and ALP levels become elevated in these cases. An increased BUN and creatinine m be high with either primary renal disease or pre-renal azotemia. Caused by dehydration or hypovolemia. Hyperlipidemia may also

Patient was in the ER room when first seen. PT was with her family members and family states that she speaks little English and that she has had abdominal pain for the past day along with bloody stools. Family states that she is on calcium supplements and no other medications. Last oral intake is 24 hours ago. Family states no known past medical history. Pt is in the hospital bed in the fetal position and towards the right side. Patient's airway is clear and breathing is normal. Skin is warm and dry. Patent is AAOx4. Assessment of head, neck, and chest show no signs of deformities. Abdominal area not assessed due to severe pain. Back is without deformity. The upper extremity shows no sign of deformities or trauma. The lower extremity shows

The bones are made up of two minerals, including calcium. Calcium is critical in order to maintain the level of bone mass to support structures of the body. If calcium is truncated in other regions of the body then it will be released from the bones into the bloodstream sending it to the appropriate destination. Bones begin to weaken if an insufficient amount of calcium is not consumed. The body will discontinue absorbing calcium if an abundant amount of calcium is consumed, in which vitamin D aids this process.

A (assessment): Ms. O’Reilly’s vital signs are temperature of 37.5 C, pulse of 112, blood pressure of 102/52, and respirations of 24. Her respirations are still deep but have a regular rhythm. She has a CBS of 8.1 and regular insulin running as per orders. The lab work shows uncompensated metabolic acidosis with no hypoxia. Ms. O’Reilly’s neurological status has improved with a GSC of 13. Her dehydration is being treated with NS containing 40mEQ KCL/L running at 200ml/hr and potassium levels maintained at 4.

There are different laboratory tests that can be ran by doctors that helps in diagnosing osteoporosis. These tests are run with samples of blood and urine from the patient. Some of the tests are blood calcium levels, 24-hour urine calcium measurement, thyroid function tests, parathyroid hormone levels, testosterone levels in men, 25-hydroxyvitamin D test to determine whether the body had enough vitamin D, and biochemical marker tests, such as NTX and CTX (NOF, 2010).

Blood samples were taken before and after the study to compare changes in calcium homeostasis and bone biomarkers. The Wilcoxon paired-sample test was used to assess baseline samples to supplementation and exercise samples after the 8-week study with the statistical significance set at p<0.05. The results showed and increase of 42.8% in 25-OH-vitamin D and a 17.5% decrease in PTH and 14.6% in BAP. The researchers findings suggest, the combination of vitamin C and E coupled with aerobic training may improve the regulation of calcium levels through the effect on bone that normally decreases in the elderly and further study with longer durations should be undertaken to evaluate BMD and fracture risk.

The main concern with HHNC is the client diuresing . This is a concern because of the loss of fluid, which in early stages results in hyponatremia . Later in the disease process, the patient will display elevated serum sodium levels, due to excessive fluid loss. This is a late sign that will be seen in a comatose patient suffering from HHNC . When a patient is constantly losing fluid , as such the case with HHNC, the patient’s serum level are increasingly elevated due to less fluid in the vascular space. This a main reason for elevate osmolality levels. Therefore , the patient will display signs of hypernatremia . Such signs, would include increased thirst or impaired thirst due to fluid loss and elevated serum sodium levels. Muscle weakness,

In a quick assessment she was lethargic, too weak to sit up in bed and somewhat irritable, and had a Glasgow Coma Scale of 13 despite not opening her eyes at all to respond to questions (Steer, 2007). The patient was resistant to a full vital signs examination and repeatedly said she did not want to go to hospital, and as she refused assessment, the crew decided to leave her at her home (Steer, 2007). Not long after a second ambulance crew was called and found her to be significantly hypotensive and with a blood sugar too high to be recorded (Steer, 2007). While carrying her to a stretcher the crew found her slightly oppositional and restless but manageable, and took her to the emergency department. She was quickly transferred to intensive care, critically ill with ketoacidosis, after recording a pH of 6.9 and a blood sugar level of 60m/mol/L (Steer,

Having high and low levels of calcium in the body affects the body differently. Hypercalcemia is the medical term for high blood calcium. Having too much calcium in the body can lead to an increased risk of kidney stones, constipation, nausea, and high blood pressure. People with hypercalcemia may also have stomach, muscle and joint pain. Very severe hypercalcemia can cause symptoms of brain dysfunction such as confusion, emotional disturbances, delirium, hallucinations, and coma. Irregularly low calcium levels in the blood are known as hypocalcaemia. Your bones and teeth will begin to deteriorate because your body takes the calcium that is stored in your bones to carry out the functions that are dependent on calcium. Hypocalcaemia can cause fragile bones, brittle nails and can cause frequent muscle cramps. It can also cause joint pain, and put you at risk for bone disease as you age. Low calcium levels can put you at higher risks for high blood pressure or hypertension as well as poor

A very narrow range of 9-11 mg per dl of calcium in blood is maintained by a negative feedback hormonal loop (Formation 2013). The thyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to low calcium in the blood detected by the g-protein coupled receptor. PTH activates bone digesting Osteoclasts, which move along a bone surface, breaking down the matrix and in turn release Ca2+ and HPO42-. Calcium salts are converted into soluble forms by the hydrochloric acid secreted by the ruffle border of the Osteoclast. Bones can become so de mineralised that they develop large holes when blood calcium levels are too low for an extended period of time (Marieb & Hoehn 2010). Extracellular calcium levels between 9-11ng or higher results in the binding of calcium to the receptor inhibiting the secretion of PTH. Without the bodies capacity to detect changes in ECF calcium concentration, voltage gated ion channels can become unstable and result in hyperactivity of muscle and nerve cells (Humoral Regualtion 2013). According to the Harvard health publication: Calcium beyond the bones, fundamental processes such as growth may be underdeveloped or calcium may be deposited in soft tissues such as the heart and lungs when there is excess or inadequate levels of calcium (Calcium 2010). Most calcium deposits are benign however

Hypocalcemia can be caused by lack of vitamin D. It can also signal a condition of the four small glands in the neck (parathyroid glands), the kidneys, or the pancreas.