CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
In the recent pass, both academia and industry field have shown a substantial general interested in wireless medium communications, Ultra-wideband (UWB) transmission applications [1, 2]. Having numerous advantages such as high data rate on very low power and short distance range technology makes UWB as a fascinating technology. Those benefits placed UWB as an interesting technology for military and medical applications that uses radar and information sensing.
Figure 1.1: Example of direct-conversion transceiver
Figure 1.1 shows the example of direct-conversion transceiver. It is to give brief picture that power amplifier (PA) is a critical component that is capable to deliver high power for UWB transmitter. However, the implementation of Radio Frequency (RF) power amplifier is one of the challenging aspects in emerging
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In this chapter, the topic included was project overview, problem statements, objectives, project scope and report outline.
Chapter 2 is covered by literature review. It is an overview about UWB technologies as it stated it’s the benefits of UWB in terms of its characteristics features and applications. This chapter is also concern about the concepts of CMOS technology. Fundamentals of power amplifier are also included in Chapter 2 such as the specification of the power amplifier performance, the linear and switching mode classes, and the its topology,. Not to mention the previous works related to CMOS power amplifier for UWB applications are at the last part of the chapter.
Chapter 3 covers the design methodology that is proposed for this low band UWB CMOS power amplifier project. It consists of project design stages, project flow chart process and project planning timeline on completing this final year project. It also dwells with the proposed power amplifier design specification and expected outcome for this
In order to calculate the PSRR of the LDO, sine wave with 100mv amplitude is added to power supply to simulate noise of power supply. The PSRR of the proposed LDO is analyzed in the range of 10KHz to 10MHz and the simulation results are shown in Fig. 14. As it is shown, LDO works properly from 10KHz to 2.4MHz because after that Vout amplitude will become more than 10mV , so it cannot be neglected in compare with input sine wave which is 100mV. The proposed excessive current extraction (ECE) technique results in high frequency PSR of -88.69dB at 1MHz frequency. So, we can see the improvement of -48 dB and -13.69dB at 1MHz in compare with cap-less LDO without and with PSRR enhancer, respectively [14]. The LDO was
One of the most common ways to parametrize a circuit is by using the equivalent model of the transistor to the small signal analysis (used for low frequencies), or the S-parameters analysis, especially for RF circuits. However, these tests are only accurate enough for sizing linear devices, which is not the case of power amplifiers. Thus, it is necessary to resort to the analysis of large signals. For large signals, both the output and input impedances have to consider the values of frequency, DC voltage, output power, temperature, input power and
The operating supply voltage range from 2.7 V to 5.5 V and the bandwidth is 900 MHz. The specified input voltage noise is 0.69 nV/√Hz and the input current noise is 2.6 pA/√Hz. Moreover, the amplifier has low distortion values (HD2/HD3 = -90 dBc) and ultra-low offset errors of 800 µV over the maximum operational temperature. Noise calculations for one of the parallel stages in the non-inverting configuration for the prototyped LNA is explained and the block diagram of such an amplifier with source, resistors, and the noise model is shown in figure 2, where en denote the voltage noise, in- denote the current noise at the inverting input and er denote the thermal
In this paper of Wireless USB, I will try to give the uses of WUSB, its advantages, work area, features of using WUSB, etc. At the same time I will points out the application of using WUSB along with its specification.
Fig. 12 shows the switching loss reduction using the DPWM2O, DPWMLPF2 and GDPWMO sequences in comparison to the conventional SVPWM strategy for 30°-60° power factor angle range. It can be seen that the DPWM2O and DPWMLPF2 sequences provide maximum switching loss reduction only at 30° and 60°, respectively. In other power factors, their loss reduction capability reduces. On the other hand, the GDPWMO strategy reduces switching losses around 50% over the entire range of power factor angle, similar to the analytical results shown in Fig.
Chapter one will introduce the project proposal by giving a small description of the project, stating the project problems and identifying the solutions to the problem. Chapter two will identify the background behind the project problem by identifying the problem history, the relevance of the problem, the occurrence and reasons behind the particular problem, whether the problem has been solved and what has been achieved, whether the problems has solutions that solve it or similar systems that do not have the said problem and finally, the possible improvements that can be done to solve the problem. Chapter three will summarize what the intended project proposal achievement. Chapter four will look at the elements and scope of the project by breaking it down into the procedure required to actualize the project and the required tools of engagement. This chapter will also discuss the challenges and issues to be faced during implementation of the project such as the type of skills and equipment needed. The deliverables will also be discussed such as the project report, prototype, program and model describing the products of the project in detail. This chapter will emphasize the intended contributions of the project, timeline and budget. Finally, the last chapter that is chapter five will discuss the conclusion summary of the entire project
For the successful completion of the project, the management needs to outline the requirements in terms of both input and output incorporating necessary steps such as research, personnel, technical knowledge as well as the financial implications. According to Nokes (2007), project
This section describes why the project is needed, for instance, identifying service gaps. Moreover, the project lead provides evidence that they have the capacity to support the need, and underscores how the project supports the funders' mission. In addition, this section includes
Lastly in section (C), path loss exponents are same as that of section (B) but the distance from transmitter and receiver are varied for individual value of path loss exponent. From the graph, it shows us that for n=2, the distance of reduced output power is in the range from 0.1 to 1.5km, similarly for n=3 it is in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 km, and for n=4 it is from 2.5 to
Pulse width modulation or PWM is the basic analysis for control modulation in the power electronics. PWM is a powerful and commonly used technique for controlling the analog circuits or power to electrical devices and made practical by a processor’s digital output such as the modern electronic power switches. Theoretically, the zero rise time and fall time of an ideal PWM, waveform represents a way of driving latest semiconductor power devices. Except for the resonant converters, majority of power electronics circuits are controlled by PWM signals of several forms.
This paper looks at the research, design and computer aided circuit design required to create and manufacture a 9V battery powered guitar amplifier. This task is aided through the use of such circuit design and testing programmes such as Multisim and KiCad. All equations used throughout this paper were created using LaTex. At the end of the paper, reflections are given in how the physical build of the circuit could have been improved.
Generally the power amplifier operated in 2 modes standby and output modes. To increase the efficiency lowest standby mode must be used. But the sudden jump from standby to output mode might distort the signals. So the technologies stay at high standby level wasting a lot of electricity. This company now proposes an idea of using a fast electronic gearbox which can choose among different voltages that can be sent to the transistor and they claim it is capable of doing 20 million times per second. This technology is called as “Asymmetric Multilevel out phasing”
In this paper of Wireless USB, I will try to give the uses of WUSB, its advantages, work area, features of using WUSB, etc. At the same time I will points out the application of using WUSB along with its specification.
The purpose of this report is to investigate the property of feedback in a multi-stage amplifier. The report describes the frequency response and time of distortion occurrence of open and close loop in their linear operating region. In the method of contrast, the advantages and disadvantages of feedback can be easily summarized. Besides the things above, practical amplifier has some operating constrains. The report also illustrates the possible constrains that are current limit, slew rate and saturation of the output at supply rails. The final investigation of this report is the relationship between resonance and the time-domain response.
This report will consist of the recommended sections a project plan should possess. These sections include a framework, necessary