Generally, the disparity implies inconsistency of the development potentials or rates of certain system components. Uneven socio-economic development in turn is seen as an objective basis for the emergence of various kinds of imbalances. Moreover, failures and weaknesses of the economic policy, of the strategy and of the reform process also can be identified as its subjective factors. Studies of the inter-regional differences dynamics are based on the growth models, including the various factors such as the human capital development, the production structure, migration specifics, investment, terms of trade, and political stability. Among the set of factors, particular place is given to those that are generated by the phenomenon of integration. …show more content…
Thus, the establishment of economic and monetary union and the introduction of the single currency and the ECB have become a part of an ambitious project, which, however, has never been completed due to lack of fiscal union. Also, one of the main reasons for a permanent disproportion in development is the unwillingness of Member States to transfer their own sovereign powers for creating a single supranational independent institution for the purpose of a single economic policy. In fact, the EU combines the different types of economy, which remains independent and managed by Member States. In the context of the existence of a single supranational monetary policy pursued by an independent institution - the ECB - the state, first of all, denied the so-called monetary mechanism allowing both the strengthen of the economic reforms effects, and the reducing of their imperfections. At the same time the single monetary policy is conducted without regard to differences in levels of development and in the economy structures of the euro area countries. One of the consequences of such political incoordination was the accumulation of public debt and growing fiscal deficits within the euro area, which average index has increased from 83.8 % in 2011 to 92.0% in …show more content…
The problem of imbalances comes to the fore, since weaker in the economic context States remains unable to influence the euro indicators, so the lack of coordinated policies, at best, minimizes the effectiveness of the economic reforms, at worst - completely neutralize them. At the time, it acted as a prerequisite for so-called Grexit discussion, considering that a way out of the EU and as a consequence the return of the drachma would enable Greece to return the monetary policy mechanism in its own jurisdiction. Thereby, it should be noted that, low levels of development imply greater difficulty in locally providing the finding sources to finance the growth programmers needed to reduce the gap between the most- and the least-favored areas in the EU. Under such circumstances, the elimination of imbalances is an objective necessity the economy and society, one of the laws of any development and ensuring the growth of the integral index of the system even under invariable
Technical eclecticism has the potential to describe detailed changes within the therapy. The changes throughout the process will match the appropriate intervention that helped the client change. With more than one approach, therapists are more likely to get the full understanding of what happen with the client and if the issue being resolves. But, the cons of the factor go back to misjudging/ misdiagnosing the patient from another patient with the same symptoms in the pass (Lampropoulos, 2000). Lampropoulos (2001) address some advantages and disadvantages of assimilative integration. The main advantage allow therapist to practice within their own belief without losing the benefits of the effective techniques in other approaches. Therapist can rearrange their techniques to eliminate frustration and provide the effectiveness techniques to resolve the issue. Also, the continuation of guided practice and research will provide the therapist with the proper knowledge to work with diverse clients. An disadvantage is increasing the number of psychotherapies that would bring more confusion and therapist with unfamiliar knowledge of the appropriate issue (Lampropoulos, 2001). With the theoretical integration, there is more than one approach to use in a given situation. A disadvantage is focusing on one specific disorder than doesn’t correspond with another approach. Being able to use more than one approach within a disorder provides a better understanding of the situation
Addressing some issues, the European Union decided to issue 750 million Euros in order to start the process of financial stability for the whole union (Mckee 524). Over time, the union learned that that the amount of money was not enough in order to help each countries’ individual financial crisis. As of now, the union has to increase the amount of money they are feeding to countries in hopes of fixing the economic issues. The continuing issue with the European Union’s economic plans is finding the money to keep funding countries with low economic growth. Furthermore, the union also has to figure out how to deal with the issues that are outside of the European Union’s borders. In
Using named examples, examine the extent to which the development gap occurs within countries as well as globally.
It is hard to say that all developing countries are not equal, because they aren’t. According to the data in Hans presentation, even though almost all countries have changed and had a percent of progress but not all of them got advanced in the same
On November 1, 1993 the fate of our economy was decided. After one half of a century of waiting, the Eurozone came to a solemn existence. The once great powers of the world, the European nations, had completed a risky, and perhaps foolish, task. The world’s first regional economic system was successfully created. Now, almost two decades later, the world’s economies are on the verge of collapse, and it seems that no economy, other than the Eurozone, is at fault, due to its recent and quite careless economic endeavors. As the rest of the world continues to force the blame upon the Eurozone and its twenty-five member states-including the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Germany, we
"Europe must prevent Greece from becoming an out-and-out catastrophe and make sure that the same fiscal 'remedy' is not applied to other weak economies" -- Franziska Brantner
Today, the global economic crisis is centered around the struggles of the European Union to protect its very existence. At the start of its second decade of existence, the common currency form of the Euro, shared by 17 of the European Union's 27 member states, is imperiled by the threat that some of its struggling member might depart from the Eurozone. With a particular focus on Greece, which balanced the question of its status in the Eurozone over the course of its recent elections, the discussion here considers the possible consequences of a breakup of the Eurozone. By and large, the discussion will demonstrate that the consequences would be catastrophic for the global community as a whole.
In 1999, ten European nations joined together to create an economic and monetary union known as the Eurozone. Countries, such as Germany, have thrived with the euro but nations, like Greece, have deteriorated since its adoption of the euro in 2001. The Eurozone was created in 1999 and currently consists of eighteen European nations united under the European Central Bank and all use the euro. The Eurozone has a one point six percent inflation rate and an eleven point six percent unemployment rate in 2014. Greece joined the Eurozone in 2001 and was the poorest European Union member at the time with a two point six percent inflation rate3 (James, 2000). Greece had a long economic history before joining the Eurozone. The economy flourished from 1960 to 1970 with low inflation and modernization and industrialization occurring. The market crash in the late 1970’s led Greece into a state of recession that the nation is still struggling with. Military failures, the PASOK party and the introduction of the euro have further tarnished Greece’s economic stability. The nation struggles with lack of competitiveness, high deficit, and inflation. Greece has many options like bailouts, rescue packages, and PPP to help dig it out of this recession. The best option is to abandon the Eurozone and go back to the drachma. Greece’s inflation and deficit are increasing more and more and loans and bailouts have not worked in the past. Leaving the Eurozone will allow Greece to restructure and rebuild
With the impending Presidential election consuming the American news cycle, major media outlets and the general public alike have neglected a growing crisis within one of the world's most important centers of commerce and culture. Despite the domestic rancor over stimulus packages, runaway debt and rampant unemployment which has inspired fierce political debate here in America, the fact remains that many European countries have borne the brunt of the global recession currently decimating national economies. The so called Euro Zone, a consortium of 17 neighboring nations which belong to the European Union (EU) and have adopted the Euro as their common currency, has experienced unimaginable financial disarray during the last decade. In the modern age of globalized economic structures, the increasing instability emanating from European markets is now threatening to spread to Asia, America and around the world.
Furthermore, the participating nations believed that it would cause its least productive members—Portugal, Spain, Ireland, and, later, Greece—to modernize their economies. Previously, when experiencing adverse business cycle shocks, these peripheral European countries used currency devaluations to recover, but did not address the underlying disparities of their economies. The arrival of the euro was expected to force a sound fiscal policy, eliminate the bias toward inflation, and encourage widespread structural reforms (Fernández-Villaverde, Garicano, and Santos, 2013).
The actions taken by central banks were essential in counteracting the 2007-2008 financial crisis and its consequences. Their measures, aimed to increase the monetary base and to restore trust on markets contributed to the prevention of a global financial collapse. However, the central bank interventionism jeopardizes the future discipline of both governments and banks as they recognize the central banks as last resort guarantors. This essay will therefore elaborate on the standard and non-standard monetary policy measures undertaken by the European Central Bank while counteracting the effects of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 and the consequent debt crisis in Eurozone.
The author assesses the EFSF and the EFSM, which are the temporary instruments for the European sovereign debt crisis, in this paper. The author gives a brief introduction regarding its establishment, a background on the governance of the Euro and the consequences of both instruments. The paper also discusses new possible ways of decision-making, alternatives to both institutions, the EMF and the ECB and its
“There is a dramatic need for a comprehensive strategy of Eurozone stability, institutional consolidation, and economic recovery and development that goes to the roots of the trouble, and places the necessary short-term stabilization measures within the long-term perspective of institutional development and economic growth” (Dallago, 213).
He pointed out that different economic levels have their own requirements and they may not follow the same process of industrialization. Moreover, he raised the most influential theory related to late industrialization that the economically backward states may have rapider growth rate as they are late comers, and the national development process relied on the degree of economic backwardness. That is to say the more backward a country, the faster it will advance (ibid).
After three decades of quantitative control regime, development policy in India had a liberalized mold in the 1980s. Unleashing of full-fledged reform process since 1991 was followed by significant step-up in the rate of economic growth in the country. But as the evidence of unequal distribution of gains of higher growth started surfacing, the development strategy was further modified to make the growth process more inclusive. The present paper is motivated by the question whether regional disparities in development attainment in India tended to increase or decrease during these three phases of development policy in the period since 1980. The analysis has been carried out in terms of beta convergence of real per capita income of states of India. The results suggest divergence in the early years but a moderation of the divergent tendencies in the subsequent period. However a convergence process has yet to be set in motion.