Advantages And Disadvantages Of Parenteral Formulation

This paper hopes to share insight into the steps that are taken by companies, and the strenuous process behind developing an effective new drug.

Administering medication requires the understanding of how the medication is to enter the body such as orally, transdermal, or intravenous. It also requires the knowledge of when the medication needs to be administered, the possible side effects, and its toxicity. Doctors, nurses, and a few other

The majority of medicines are formulated for oral administration. This means they are taken via the mouth, in the form of a tablet, capsule, liquid or suspension. These medicines come in a variety of

Medication has also become increasingly complex. There has been a massive increase in the number and variety of medications available. In addition, many medications have different routes of delivery, variable actions (long acting, short

The route of drug administration chosen might be dependent on a person's age because of its variants on the effects of the drugs used on them. For example, a child usually has a hard time swallowing pills so they instead would drink their medicine, it is one of those factors that would lead us to alternatives. It is the same for pregnant women and the elderly that have different effects on them, so they would have different routes of drugs.

The purpose of using solubility analysis on an unknown is to narrow the possible unknowns given based on the solubility analysis. Acetone was a control for ketone and was soluble in water. Hexanal was a control for an aldehyde and was insoluble in water due to intermolecular forces, such as an increased amount of hydrophobic area rather than hydrophilic area. As a result, by identifying the solubility of the

Parents do not want their children to take something that the effects of are still unknown, so they would be concerned with this

Proposed mode of action for RIS (benzisoxazole derivative) is blocking of 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptors. Despite of its potential, RIS is reported to have higher log P value along with poor water solubility and is classified as biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II drug [6]. This poor water solubility leads to limited oral bioavailability through gastrointestinal tract as well as by parenteral route and limits the use of aforementioned drug candidate [4]. Various solubility enhancement techniques can be used to enhance apparent solubility of BCS class II drugs such as salt formation, solid state modification, use of co-solvents, hydro-trophy, complexation with cyclodextrins size reduction etc. Researchers have reported solid dispersion [7], self-nano-emulsifying powder [8] and co-solvent [9] approach for enhancement of RIS water solubility. Use of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in marketed formulation (Risperdal®) of drug presents the probability of solubility enhancement with the use of surfactant [10]. All these approaches have their own advantages and limitations like toxicity issues associated with use of co-solvents [11] (generally water miscible organic solvents) and surfactants beyond a particular level

For part 2 of the experiment the values for acetaminophen, aspirin and ibuprofen from the pills were lower than the acetaminophen, aspirin and caffeine solutions. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, solubility describes when a substance dissolves in a solvent to make a solution. Some substances that were used in this experiment were acetaminophen, aspirin and ibuprofen. The solvent was water. Those substances were able to dissolve in water because they were polar and water is also

Sturmeny (2009) notes that clinical formulation is also known as case formulation as a fundamental skill for all clinical professionals in the mental health field. The primary purpose of the formulation is to assess the patient’s problem from a varied perspective and time span that helps in the diagnosis and treatment plan for the patient. The predisposing factors determine the vulnerabilities the patient is prone to; the precipitating factors evaluate the stress factors; perpetuating factors assess the maintaining factors while the predictive factors as the positive and the negative prognostic features of the problem (Fernando, 2010). The table below indicates the clinical formulation for Luis.

Systemic drugs, or analgesics, often include narcotics that are designed to dull the pain, while still keeping the patient alert and aware during delivery. Tranquilizers are also sometimes given in order to reduce anxiety, stress and nausea. Systemic drugs are often given through an intravenous (IV) line or as an injection into the muscle. This spreads the relief throughout the entire body rather than just the pelvic area.

Pediatric prescribing is a complex role of health professionals because of the dosage calculation, which is based on patient’s weight, age or body surface area. This increases the probability of errors, particularly dose errors (13,14).

The article basically talks about the phase separation behavior of poorly aqueous drugs and how they affect the bioavailability of other drugs given in combination with it. The amorphous and crystalline solubility is determined for various poorly water soluble and the concentration at which phase separation occurs is recorded. When a second drug is present, the concentration at which the phase separation occurs is greatly reduced, when both the drugs are miscible in the solvent. As a result, reduced thermodynamic activity of each drug occurs and this needs to be considered to study the bioavailability of each drug while co-compounding or co-formulating. This article is very appropriately titled. In my opinion the title clearly reflects the

Method of preparation may vary according to the dosage form of the formulation. The techniques can be implemented accordingly to the stability, sensitivity and adaptability of the drug excipients to self-emulsified form. In olden days, SEDDS are prepared in the form of liquid state where it will be enclosed by hard or soft gelatin capsules. By this, it helps to enhance oral administration and later on it is known to burden in the formulation. Main disadvantages are low drug incompatibility and stability, drugs leakage and precipitation, capsule ageing and it is very costly. Besides, addition of large quantity of surfactants in this formulation tend to induce gastrointestinal irritations. To overcome this problem, solid-SEDDS

Oral administration is the most resourceful, convenient and major mode of drug delivery and is associated with superior patient compliance as compared to other modes of drug intake (1). Approximately 50% of drug delivery systems present in the market are oral drug delivery system (2). But main difficulty encounter in oral formulation (as estimated more than 50% of oral formulations are found to be poorly water soluble) has low bioavailability, giving increase to additional problems like high inter and intra subject variability , lack of dose uniformity and finally leading to therapeutic failure. The challenging mission is to increase the bioavailability of drugs (3). To overcome this difficulty, the oral controlled release (CR) formulations have been developed , as these will release the drug slowly into GIT and continue the constant drug concentration in the serum for a long period of time(4).