Reinforced Concrete Essay

These interesting factors are as follows; 2.Slabs may be loaded with large point loads • When we have a large point load applied to our slab from perhaps a piece of large machinery or a large wall or perhaps a column, we make the slab stronger to take this load. The may be the form of increasing the thickness of the slab or even providing a separate footing.

build some of most influential buildings in all of history, such as the Pantheon. Additionally, these

First, concrete durable. Concrete is something that will outlive other products up to three times over (“What Makes…”). In addition to durability, concrete is efficient. Concrete can be made with byproducts from power plants, and other aspects of manufacturing. Concrete is primarily made up limestone, the most abundant material on Earth. Above all of this concrete can be recycled. Concrete can be crushed and recycled into another structure or product, reducing the need to mine the limestone for production. Concrete also allows water to pass through which reduces the chance of flash flooding, erosion, and water table depletion as compared to other materials. This is a major check in the sustainability of concrete; the conservation of soil, landscape and ecosystems. Concrete is a very green option when it comes to building

What is concrete. According to Concrete Network (1999) “Concrete is made up of three basic components: water, aggregate (rock, sand, or gravel) and cement. Cement, usually in powder form, acts as a binding agent when mixed with water and aggregates. This combination, or concrete mix, will be poured and harden into the durable material with which we are all familiar”. The Roman's did it a little

All ancient cultures around the world, are Identified with the way in which they choose to build their cities and connecting infrastructure. The Romans seem to have been the king of architecture, especially when, they as a people were able to build a lot of public buildings, which are grand in size and opulence. Many of these structures still exist today, The Colosseum, and Pantheon. But the Romans were able also to build roads, bridges, and aqueducts. All of these things mentioned above were ONLY made possible by two things, Concrete and arches ! Let’s talk about concrete. It was a Roman invention and I have taking a direct quote from our reading to describe what concrete is;

Concrete is the ultimate building block of society; there are a plethora of ways that it has been used. Romans were some of the first, in recorded history, to use it; they used it to build their aqueducts and even the Colosseum. If anything, the Romans were some of the first to make huge developments in concrete, and they were some of the first to actually use concrete on a large scale. America has also used concrete on a large scale, using concrete to build the Hoover Dam and the Grand Coulee Dam. Those examples show how concrete is an incredibly strong and durable building material that has remained standing after all these years and will continue to be the primary

This report has been written to describe an experiment performed on a channel section examining the stiffness of the beam through two differing types of deformation – curvature and deflection. The aim of the experiment was to determine the value of the flexural rigidity (EI) in two different ways; using the curvature, k, and the mid-span deflection. The testing method used for the experiment is described. The experiment found that the EI values calculated were as follows: - EIcurv = 1.76E+10 Mpa.mm4 when calculated using the curvature, k. - EIdefl

Steel-reinforced concrete is a widely used structural material. The effectiveness of the steel reinforcement depends on the bond between the steel reinforcing bar and the concrete. Reinforced concrete is a composite material in which concrete 's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength and ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before it sets. Reinforcing schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of the concrete that might cause unacceptable cracking and

Properties of concrete are governed not only by the properties of its ingredients (cement, water, sand, and coarse aggregate) but also, to a great extent, by the relative proportions of these ingredients. The proportions must be so selected as to produce a concrete mixture of desired workability, strength, durability, and economy.

In general, the durability of concrete covers directly on the ease or difficulty of fluid transport within the concrete, and classified as a concrete or too little permeable. The main transport agent fluid is water in the concrete, which may be pure or contain aggressive agents, such as dioxide carbon and oxygen. The displacement of these elements will depend on the concrete structure hydrated cement paste (Neville, 1997). THE Concrete durability of recycled aggregates also it depends on the ease or otherwise of transport these fluids. Olorunsogo and Padayachee (2002) studied properties related to the durability of concrete as the conductivity of chloride ions, sortividade permeability to oxygen and water, containing percentages of 0%, 50% and 100% replacement of natural aggregates by recycled. The results showed that the durability decreases increases in proportion as the percentage of replacement for all properties evaluated. However, these properties improve with increasing age and with percentages of 50% recycled aggregates in the

In this step also consider the durability of the concrete and the unpredicted external load. This research uses metakaolin and silica fume as the main materials.

Concrete has no opinion about its shape; a gloppy material, it will take any shape give it, as long as it’s given time to cure. Traditionally, concrete is cast using rigid panels like plywood. Although reinforce concrete become the standard in the last decades, few of its potentialities have been fully exploited. “Apart from the unconquerable inertia of our minds, which do not seem to be able to adopt freely new ideas, the main cause of this delay is a trivial technicality: the need to prepare wooden forms” (Nervi, 1956, p. 95). Most industrial material are produced through single axis mills. This produced uniform surface. The obvious exceptions are cast materials such as concrete. But if concrete is cast into molds made of rigid, flat material produced by milling, the result will likely be flat and straight forms. Fabric formwork is a building technique that uses structural membranes as the main material for concrete molds. Unlike traditional formwork, fabric formwork is highly flexible and can deflect under the pressure of concrete. The results are variety of shapes that are not normally associated with concrete. As buildings become more complex, there is an increasing demand for molding creative and organic forms. Concrete, theoretically, is the perfect material to make a variety of shape. Fresh concrete can be shaped in different types of formwork. “The visual appearance and effect of fabric-formed concrete is strikingly different from that of conventional concrete

Concrete is an artificial stone-like material used for various structural purposes. It is made by mixing a binding material (as cement) and various aggregates (inert materials), such as sand, stone chips, brick chips, brick chips, pebbles, gravel, shale, etc with water and allowing the mixture to harden by hydration. There are many types of concrete available, created by varying the proportions of the main ingredients below. In this way or by substitution for the cementations and aggregate phases, the finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or chemical and thermal resistance properties, Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage. It is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and plaster. Importance of Concrete some important of concrete are given below. Concrete is economical when ingredients are readily available. Concrete is a non-combustible material which makes it fire-safe and able to withstand high temperatures. It is resistant to wind, water, rodents, and insects. Hence, concrete is often used for storm shelters. Concrete could be requested in a variety of ways. It could be requested with a considerable measure of "fly ash" in the mix. Fly ash is a substitute for cement.

In some cases, lateral force shapes result to good approximation of demand displacements. Nevertheless, there has not been found any constant loading for exact approximation of local mechanisms and plastic hinges. Earthquake codes have made it mandatory to use a minimum of two lateral load patterns in nonlinear static procedure. These two load patterns are chosen to cover resulting forces in actual dynamic response of the structure. There are two load patterns which are used mostly in usual studies: uniform and modal load pattern. When using uniform load pattern, called also constant acceleration pattern, lateral forces applied to the structure are proportional to the mass of the building stories. This load pattern emphasizes on bottom floors demands more than top floor demands. It also increases the importance of shear in stories against overturning moment while modal load pattern emphasizes overturning moment and story demands. The FEMA356 code allows using comparative load pattern instead of constant load pattern. In this method the load pattern varies by plastic hinges as the displacements in the structure increase.

Lightweight concrete mixes can be designed to have strengths that comparable to those of normal weight concrete (NWC), as shown in table (2.2). As the strength of lightweight concrete increases, there is a structural purpose to use material which can lessen the dead load of concrete structures and increase span lengths. (Martinez, 1984)