Analytic Components In Serum Lab Report

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The complement system is a part of the immune system that is established in the blood and functions to keep the body healthy. The complement system consists of more than thirty proteins that flow throughout the blood and attack bacteria, viruses, and any foreign invader found throughout the body. More specifically, the complement system helps pathogen cells commit apoptosis, have inflammation, lyse, and opsonization. There are nine major complement proteins, which are C1-C9, that act a little different in each of the three pathways: the alternative, classical, and the lectin complement pathway. The difference between the lectin and the classical pathway is that in the lectin pathway, C1q is not involved but instead a mannan binding protein

Table 3 The Averages Absorbance of The Cell Lysate & Cell Pellet In E.coli Induction Experiment

The stock solution for each test drug was diluted with potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.4 to obtain 7-9 different concentrations. Each concentration was prepared with three replicates. A flow diagram of the preparation of the test solutions for GC-MS/MS is depicted in figure 5-2.

This starts with antigen recognition, then B cells and T cells, and finally the antibodies. Antibodies are bound to an antigen to identify a foreign substance in the body, in this study the elevated levels of C3 convertase shows the complement activation system. The first step in the pathway is the inflammatory response followed by the granulated tissue formation and then formation of the fibrous capsule.

The most critical step in the elaboration of the biologic functions of complement is the activation of the third component, C3. The various other complement-derived factors generated along the way affect a variety of phenomena in acute inflammation:

The complement protein C3 binds to the cell wall and increases the recognition of Mycobacterium by macrophages. After macrophages have been absorbed, Mycobacterium proliferates slowly through bacterial cell division, which occurs every 25 to 32 hours. Macrophages release proteolytic enzymes and cytokines to break down the bacteria. Macrophages then present Mycobacterium antigens on the surface of T cells. This initiates an immune response that lasts for 2 to 12 weeks; the microorganisms continue to grow until they form enough numbers to fully induce the cell-mediated immune

In addition, protein C3d can identify the pathogenic antigens and initiate a complement cascade. Furthermore, stress signals from the cell under threat attract natural killer cells to destroy the cell with the pathogen within it. If the pathogen persists, B lymphocytes can produce antibodies which identify the antigen, enabling dendritic cells to present the antigen to adaptive cells in the lymph nodes, initiating a specific, adaptive secondary response.

The non-disjunction is the failure of one of the pairs of homologus chromosomes to separate during meiosis I or II. The consequences of non-disjunction in meiosis I results to a gamete containing both homologues of one chromosome pair (Disomy), and non-disjunction in meiosis II leads to a gamete with two copies of one of homologues of the chromosome pair. In both situation the other gamete will have a missing chromosome. If the two chromosome gamete will be fertilized the future zygote will be trisomic, if the fertilized gamete is the one with a lack chromosome the future zygote will be monosomic.

A magnesium test is used to measure the level of magnesium in the blood. Abnormal levels of magnesium are most frequently seen in conditions or diseases that cause impaired or excessive excretion of magnesium by the kidneys or that cause impaired absorption in the intestines. Magnesium levels may be checked as part of an evaluation of the severity of kidney problems and/or of uncontrolled diabetes and may help in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. Since a low magnesium level can, over time, cause persistently low calcium and potassium levels, it may be checked to help diagnose problems with calcium, potassium, phosphorus, and/or parathyroid hormone – another component of calcium

Antibodies have two distinct functions: to recognise and combine with an antigen, and to activate a defence mechanism for example by activating the complement sequence (Dale et. al., 1994). This sequence involves more than thirty proteins (Mollnes & Harboe, 1996) and has the function of the destruction and removal of invading micro-organisms and subcellular debris and to promote clearance of antigen-antibody complexes (Dale et. al., 1994). These functions are achieved mainly via complement’s ability to attract leukocytes (Lessof, 1993). The interaction of antibody with specific antigen results in the formation of the antibody-antigen complex. This complex has several functions: for instance, to immobilise an antigen therefore preventing attack upon host cells, to block active toxic regions of particular bacteria, and to allow phagocytic attack.

Although the importance of human complement C9 in MAC1 function remains unchallenged, the exact mechanism by which C9 induces internalization of the MAC1 complex into pathogenic membranes is unclear. Since the early 1980's, multiple functional properties of C9 have been defined encouraging the creation of several popular theoretical mechanisms for polymerization and membrane insertion of C9. There are five properties of C9 under investigation.

There is an alternative complement pathway for opsonization of M. tuberculosis. This pathway is used for the ingestion of the pathogen by monocytes through linking of mycobacteria-bound C3 to complement receptors CR1 and CR3 [7]. This process holds central importance in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. The physiologic working of the immunity of host is undermined by the bacterium, so as to facilitate its entry into the cells of the host, where it will probably live for decades. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are the primary cells to reach the position of infection. The neutrophils are the immune cells that have the capability of ingesting and killing M. tuberculosis [8]. The bacteria may survive for ages inside these cells. However, the neutrophils have a

• In this phase, megakaryocyte production begins. The spleen gradually decreases granulocytic production & involves itself solely in lymphopoiesis. Detectable levels of hemoglobin may be shown.

Total hemocytes count: The number of cells was counted using a Bürker- Turk hemocytometer (Van der knap et al., 1981) by using 10 µl of hemolymph of each group.