Anatomy and Physiology - Energy Metabolism

Energy is expended in a number of different ways such as the stated above; resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of activity, thermic effect of feeding and adaptive thermogenesis. An individual’s energy balance is the balance of calories consumed through eating and drinking compared to calories burned through physical activity, what an individual drinks and eat is energy in. what an individual burns though physical activity is energy out. Body weight is maintained and stable in the state of energy balance, the chemical bonds of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in food contain chemical energy which is then transformed in the human body in multiple metabolic processes to cellular energy, heat or stored energy. An individual’s burns a certain number of calories just by breathing air and digested food. They also burn a certain number of calories through their daily routine, an important part of maintaining energy balance is the amount of physical activity an

The respiratory system’s organs bring in oxygen by inhaling and remove carbon dioxide by exhaling. Oxygen travels through the trachea, pharynx, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. At the alveoli gas exchange occurs in which oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream of the circulatory system, and carbon dioxide is removed from the bloodstream and exhaled. The close connection of these two body systems is important to note when analyzing the effects of smoking on each system separately.

Gas exchange is when oxygen is delivered from the lungs to the blood stream and carbon dioxide is taken out of the bloodstream and into the lungs. Gas exchange occurs within the lungs between the alveoli and capillaries which are in the walls of the alveoli. The walls of the alveoli share a membrane with the capillaries in which oxygen and carbon dioxide move freely between the respiratory system and the bloodstream. Oxygen molecules attach to red blood cells, which travel back to the heart. At the same time, the carbon dioxide in the alveoli are exhaled out of the body.

As stated before the three energy systems used by the body are the ATP-PC, anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic system. The ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolysis system (also known as lactic acid system) are anaerobicly based meaning that they don’t need a sufficient amount of oxygen to produce ATP. The aerobic system requires oxygen to produce ATP hence its name. All three system have fuels’ which produce energy. The ATP-PC uses phoso creatine and creatine phosphate, the lactic acid system uses glycogen and the aerobic system uses glycogen and triglycerides . Glycolysis refers to the breaking down of glycogen to from glucose which is used in ATP.

There is a small amount of carbon dioxide and more oxygen in the body because of gases exchange this is where oxygen form the lungs is transferred in to the blood and carried to the heart and when carbon dioxide is carried in to the lungs forms the blood and is exacted outwards by breathing. Mitochondria also need oxygen to create carbon dioxide for the body so the gas exchange can happen again. Outside the body there is a smaller amount of oxygen but it is still higher than CO2.

Explain the physiology the cardiovascular and the digestive system in the body in relation to energy metabolism in the body. Discuss the role of energy in the body and analyse how those two body systems interrelate to perform a named functions. For distinction analyse

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood and blood vessels. The cardiovascular system is the major transport of materials to and from the cells. Blood is carried from the heart around the body via the arteries and the blood is then carried back to the heart via the veins. The

4. Rowing full speed is putting maximum demands on Jim's muscles. What metabolic process is providing most of the energy for Jim’s muscles at this point and why do Jim's muscles feel like they are burning? (5 points)

Metabolism is a chemical process that converts fuel from food into energy needed for the body’s activities. For example, thinking, running and jumping etc. are all an example of the bodies activities.

Both the digestive system and respiratory system provide the key products to perform aerobic respiration. Both of these systems work together form the first part of the equation; oxygen inhaled by the respiratory system and glucose which is broken down within the digestive system. When we eat food the digestive system breaks in down from larger molecules to smaller molecules then part of the cardiovascular system transports the smaller food molecules to the cells. The molecule when broken down can be broken down into glucose; glucose is need for energy to carryout normal body functions. When glucose is broken down certain completed carbohydrates we can get starch from this we need starch for ATP energy which is found in cells.

Each single alveoli is wrapped with capillaries. Because of this, both the alveoli and capillaries are made up of a simple epithelium, which is a very thin tissue. This single layer of thin cells creates a short distance for gases to diffuse. The oxygen will then be able to move through the thin capillary walls and into the cells while the carbon dioxide passes through the thin capillary walls from the cells. The short diffusions distance allows for a rapid gas exchange. This rapid and efficient gas exchange is required so that the cells can get the energy that they need for

For diffusion and Gas Exchange to occur here they have to have a large surface area dependent on the size of the

Using the example of humans, we ventilate in order to get oxygen from the air and into our lungs so that the oxygenated blood can be carried around our bodies and gas exchange can take place. When we breathe out, this is expelling or getting rid of the waste product of gas exchange and respiration which is carbon. To help gas exchange be efficient for mammals we have specialised alveoli to make diffusion of gases in the lungs strait forward. The alveoli are air sacks made of thin permeable walls that the oxygen can pass through from the air into the surrounding tissue and the blood and cells. Reversely, these sacks also let carbon dioxide diffuse from the blood and out into the air. Water vapour can also be lost from the surface of the alveoli and into the lungs which we can see condensing as we breathe out on cold days.

The air we inhale enters the lungs through tubes called bronchi. These branch into the smaller brochioles and finally into tiny air sacs, the aveoli. The average lung has more that 300 million of these air sacs, which provides a combined area of more than 750 square feet for oxygen to be absorbed into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be expelled.

The lungs are filled with thousands of tubes branching smaller and smaller. The smallest segments are the air sacs, called alveoli. Each one has a fine mesh of capillaries. This is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.