Animal Science Research Paper

Selective breeding sometimes known as artificial selection is a procedure where humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits. They do this by characteristically by choosing which animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together. This form of breeding is intentional from

Humans have been manipulating genetic transfer for over 10,000 years since our hunter- gatherer ancestors began to settle in one place and started farming and planting crops. Those humans observed and chose organisms from natural selection to select and breed organisms that showed characteristics desired by them and this began the process of selective breeding. Selective breeding favours recessive alleles that do not persist in wild populations. Selective breeding is a process of increasing the frequency of rare and recessive alleles so that they appear in homozygous form. This has the effect of eliminating the alleles for wild type from the population and the process of domestication has become irreversible. The domestic species has become dependent on humans for their survival. It is from these domestic species that humans have selected and breed favourable genetic traits for their benefit, be it higher yield in plant crops, sweeter tasting fruit, and more milk from dairy cows or ease of handling stock, selective breeding continues to be used today.

UW Fond Du Lac, I feel, is the best school for me. I want to go into animal services which enables me to help the one thing that I have loved all my life. Being in this profession I will be able to continue doing what I love and that's protecting those animals who don't have a voice or get the chance to live a life full of love and happiness.

Cattle are used for meat, dairy products, clothing, adornment, fertilizer, labor, land management, and conservation.

Around fifty million years ago there once roamed a hungry land animal who wandered in search of food. Through the process of evolution this creature resembled fish. It was warm blooded mammal and it was able to breathe air through it lungs. From a walking land creature over time it became the master of the oceans that we now know as the whale.

Genetic Engineering is controversial due to some people believing that genetic engineering is playing God. Opposition against this scientific field stands due to the lack of understanding of its value, or fear what may come out of following this new field of science. A portion of history is owed to genetic engineering as has led to many of the food products we enjoy today. Though there are some minuet deficiencies to genetic engineering or maybe because of them, there are ethical issues in today’s society that hinder and regulate genetic engineers. The form of genetic engineering today is a more efficient than our ancestors practice, selective breeding. All humans practiced selective breeding in one way or another. Its process is the

There is many different power animals that can influence everyone in some way. Power animals do not have to be mammals, they can be reptiles, insects, or sea creatures. Any living creature can serve as a power animal. To me, I believe that knowing your spirit animal is an important thing, because it can influence your life.

‘Selective breeding is the process by which humans select organisms with desirable traits and breed them together so the trait appears in the next generation. The process is repeated over many generations until the characteristic becomes common. Selective breeding now often uses reproductive technologies, such as artificial insemination and marker assisted selection, so that the desirable characteristics of one male can be passed onto many offspring. This increases the rate at which the desirable trait is passed to progeny. Marker assisted selection is a molecular technique used to screen a genome for genetic markers that indicate desirable traits. (*1).

Once upon a time, to be exact 7 years ago, I went to Animal Kingdom in southern California. It was my family’s first time to Animal Kingdom. Throughout the whole day we visited all types of amazing exhibits! Until we came to one exhibit, the explorer's aviary.

What are cows exactly? Some people would say they are meat or milk producing animals. They would be almost correct. The cow otherwise commonly known as the bovine has many different classifications. The bovine are classified as a type of large domestic ungulates. They are members of the sub family Bovinae and are in the Binomial name of Bos Taurus. (1) The correct term when speaking about cows is to use the term cattle. A cow is a singular word for one of many. Cattle is also not the original term for the bovine. It was a term that had been borrowed from a man named Anglo-Norman. Cattle originally meant movable personal property. The first cow to appear in America arrived in 1611. (2) There are many different breeds of cattle, as well as classifications.

Artificial insemination, was developed as solution to the many problems faced by the cattle/dairy industry. Problems such as the need for genetic improvement and

The most basic classification in the Animal Kingdom is based on the presence, or lack of, a vertebral column. Organisms that have backbones are called “vertebrates” and belong to Phylum. More complex organisms such as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish all belong to Phylum Chordata. Organisms without vertebrae are called invertebrates and constitute over 95% of the organisms in the animal kingdom. Examples of nonchordate invertebrates include sponges, jellyfish, insects, worms, squid and sea stars. Of these, sponges are among the most ancient organisms in the Animal Kingdom with fossils dating back to the Precambrian time. There is also a phylum of organisms that have characteristics of both vertebrates and invertebrates. Phylum

Technology has been getting more and more advanced meaning that scientists have access to more advanced equipment and can conduct more complicated experiments. Scientists have found ways of enhancing and changing the genetic makeup of organisms when they are forming making it possible to customize and choose different traits and features about an organism’s physical appearance. This is very useful for farmers as they can breed their animals to have a certain trait or characteristic. For example, a farmer may want a muscly cow so with today’s studies it is possible to collect the semen from their muscliest bull and choose the strongest sperm then artificially inseminate an egg from their muscliest cow to produce a muscly calf. They can then repeat this procedure once the calf grows up and eventually over a couple of generations of this they will end up with a very muscly cow. This is called artificial

The present study was conducted in collaboration with Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, OUAT and WBUAFS to review on different optimal selection procedure to combine genetic gain and conserved genetic diversity to reform the selection and breeding procedure for the genetic improvement of livestock from February, 2017 to November, 2017. A number of theorems have been discussed like natural selection, response to selection based on fitness, multilevel selection, selection method, neutral theory of selection and genomic selection to explain how the animal has adopted them to evolve better genetic merit. However, in future the models for estimation of breeding values and genetic values will be based entirely on DNA markers

Farmers have been making mate selection decisions for the improvement of livestock for generations. Whilst progress was evident, it was slow until the mid-20th century, when substantial gains in genetic improvement in both livestock and crops was observed. A good example of this progress is the increase in milk yield of US Holstein cattle which doubled from 6000kg per lactation in the 1960s to 1200kg per lactation in 2000. Up to 50% of this improvement has been accredited to genetic improvement (Dekkers and Hospital, 2002). These gains were brought about using quantitative techniques to estimate the genetic and environmental components of traits, as well as an improved ability to disseminate genetic material, such as cryopreservation of semen/embryos and artificial insemination.